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EE 499, Lecture 13
EE 499, Lecture 13
EE 499, Lecture 13
Lecture13:ModulationTechniquesforMobileRadio DigitalModulationTechniques
Analog vs. Digital Modulation
Duetothefollowingmanyadvantagesofdigitalcommunicationsoveranalogcommunications,modern cellularphonesusedigitalmodulationratherthananalogmodulation: 1. Digitalcommunicationsprovidesecuredcommunications, 2. Advancement in design and manufacturing of digital integrated circuits and digital signal processors (DSP) made digital communications cheaper than analog communications. These advancements made it possible to implement digital modulation techniques completely in software rather than in hardware (this allows the possibility of updates to modulation algorithmswithouttheneedforhardwareredesignandreplacements) 3. Digitalcommunicationsprovidehigherimmunitytonoiseandchanneleffectsthroughtheuseof repeaters, 4. Digitalcommunicationsprovideeasiermultiplexingofvarioustypesofsignalstogethersuchas audio,video,anddata 5. Digitalcommunicationsallowtheuseoferrorcorrectiontocontroltheprobabilityoferror
Digital Modulation
Indigitalcommunications,thedigitalinformationsignalisrepresentedbyasequenceofsymbols.The symbolsmaytakeanyvalueofasomepowerof2numberofpossibilitiesequalto m (forexample,one of2,4,8,16,32,64,or128possibilities).Inthiscase,eachsymbolcarriesanumberofbitsequalto n thatisrelatedto m by
n = log 2 m
n = log 2 m
1
Lecture13:ModulationTechniquesforMobileRadio
Forthepreviousvaluesof m possibilities,thecorrespondingnumberofbitsis1,2,3,4,5,6,or7bits. Thepurposeofthedemodulatorpartofthecommunicationsystemistodetectwhichofthe m symbols wastransmittedforeachreceivedsymbolwiththeleastpossibleprobabilityoferror.
Lecture13:ModulationTechniquesforMobileRadio
B =
Rb B
bps/Hz
Channel Capacity
Itappearsthathighvaluesofbandwidthefficienciescanbeachievedbysimplycompactingmorebitsin eachtransmittedsymbol.Thatis,makethevalueof m extremelylarge(forexample, m = 2 )sothat eachsymbolcarriesalargenumberofbitsandtherefore,increasethedatarate.Thisisintheorytrue for a completely noiseless channel. For noisy channels, which is always the case, this is not possible. Unfortunately, Shannon proved in 1948 that each channel has a fundamental channel capacity C of datathatyoucannotexceed.Heprovedthatforaparticularchannelwithaspecificsignaltonoiseratio ( S / N or SNR), it is possible to transmit data below this channel capacity C using some coding algorithmthatwillinsureasmallprobabilityoferroraslowasyouwish(onlyifyoucanfindthatcoding algorithm). If you try to exceed the channel capacity C , the probability or error you get increases
1000
uncontrollably. Therefore, the maximum bandwidth efficiency B (Max ) that you can get for a channel withaspecificSNRis:
B (Max ) =
C S = log 2 1 + bps/Hz B N
Exercise:
TheV.92modemyouuseinyourcomputerhasamaximumspeedof56kbps(kilobitspersecond).If thechannelitusestotransmitdatahaspassbandfrom300Hzto3400Hz,whatistheminimumS/N ratioofthedownstreamchannelwhenthemodemisconnectedatthemaximumrate?Whatisthe minimumS/Nwhenthemodemisconnectedat28kbps?WhatistheminimumS/Nfortheupstream 3
Lecture13:ModulationTechniquesforMobileRadio
connectionofthemodemknowingthatthemaximumS/Nforthatconnectionis33.6kbps?Whatisthe bandwidthefficiencyofthedownstreamchannelofthemodemassumingmaximumconnectionspeed? Whatisthebandwidthefficiencyoftheupstreamchannelofthemodemassumingmaximum connectionspeed?