Kekuatan Geser Tanah

KEKUATAN GESER TANAH
Definisi:
perlawanan internal tanah tiap satuan luas terhadap keruntuhan atau
pergeseran sepanjang bidang runtuh dalam satu elemen tanah
Tujuan Studi kekuatan geser tanah:
Untuk analisis masalah kestabilan tanah, seperti :
daya dukung
stabilitas talud (lereng)
tekanan tanah ke samping pada turap/tembok penahan
dll
Dasar Teori (Hukum Gesekan Newton):
W
T
R
|
T > W geser
T < W diam
T = W labil
|
o
t
|
= = =
= =
tan
:
tan
A
W
A
T
tegangan dalam
W
T
Basic mechanics applied to soils

Equilibrium and compatibility

The principle of equilibrium states that if a body is in state of rest, the net force acting
on the body in any direction is zero.
Thus, in the figure above, the sums of forces in the horizontal and vertical directions will
be zero:

AH = H
1
+ H
2
+ H
3
+ H
4
AV = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
+ V
4
The principle of compatibility states that any movements or changes in shape or volume
must be compatible with no material being lost or gained.
When loads are applied to bodies of soil it is assumed that the solid content remains
constant (though displaced or re-arranged), but that there may be changes in the
volume of water and or air.

Mechanical Characteristic of soils
Soils are not solid materials, as are steel and concrete, but are made up of separate
particles, surrounded by voids, which may contain water or air or both.
The particles in sands are rotund, while in clays they are flaky.
Changes in shape and volume, and the strength of soil, are controlled by effective
stress, i.e. the difference between the (external) total stress and the (internal)
pore pressure.
Under different circumstances of occurrence soils may be:
- very dense, ranging through dense, intermediate and loose, to very loose
- very dry and hard, ranging through stiff and soft, to very wet and soft.
Compressibility Characteristic of soils
Soils are compressible if the voids contain air.
Soils saturated with water are compressible ONLY if drainage can take place.
Compression results in a change in the volume of voids (changes in the volume of
the grains are negligible)
Loose sands are more compressible than dense sands.
Wet or soft clays are more compressible than dry or hard clays.
Normally consolidated clays are more compressible than overconsolidated clays.
Strength Characteristic of soils
Soil strength is basically frictional, and is controlled by effective stress.
The strength of a soil is defined as the maximum sustainable shear stress that
can be developed under certain specified conditions:
Undrained strength: (e.g. in saturated clay) is constant with respect to effective
normal stress, but decreases with increasing water content.
Drained strength: increases with effective normal stress.
Stiffness and Elasticity
Stiffness is the relationship between strain and the stress that will
induce it.
Stiffness behavior relates to the changes in strain that accompany
changes in stress (due to loading and unloading).
A stress-strain curve is used to characterize stiffness behavior.
The stiffness modulus is simply the slope of the stress-strain curve.
Stiffness Moduli
When the loading on a body changes the strain induced will be one or a
combination of three types:
o Direct or linear strain: changes in length, breadth, diameter, etc.
o Volumetric strain: changes in volume
o Shear strain: changes in shape
Stiffness Moduli
In bodies of elastic material the three stiffness moduli (E, K and G) are related to
each other and to Poissons ratio (u).
It assumed that the material is elastic and isotropic (i.e. linear stiffness is equal in all
directions).
The following relationships can be demonstrated (for proofs refer to a text on the
strength of materials)

G = E/ 2(1-u)

K = E/ 3(1-2u)

u = Poissons ratio for soils, is in the range 0.2 - 0.5
Stress-Strain Behaviour of Soils
The stress-strain behaviour of soils is similar to that of other engineering materials, i.e.
elastic and plastic deformation occur as in steel, concrete, etc.
It is the variability in behaviour that distinguishes soils from other materials.
For example, the same soil at different water contents or states of compaction will
exhibit a wide range of stiffness and strength characteristics.
Relatively recent soils (< 1 Ma old) tend to deform plastically at relatively low
stresses, but with deformation related linearly to the logarithm of stress.
Geologically old soils, soils that have been overlain by other soils, rocks or ice, are
harder and tend to behave elastically (or nearly so) at the levels of stress associated
with civil engineering projects.
Behaviour of Soft Soils
Soft soils (including recent natural soils and reconstituted soils) with no history of previous
greater loading behave inelastically; the stress-strain diagram being curved even at low
stresses.
The slope of the curve (E = do
a
/dc
a
) decreases as the stress increases, eventually
reaching an ultimate stress which remains constant as straining continues.
Irreversible plastic strain occurs, so that upon unloading permanent deformation ( c
p
)
remains.
Behaviour of Soft Soils
Stiffness values vary with different stress regimes, e.g. uniaxial, triaxial, one-dimensional.
Typical values should not be used in design, except in preliminary stages, feasibility
studies, etc.
Compression tests are required to ascertain reliable and representative values (refer to the
Soil Mechanics Reference: Compression and swelling)

Typical E range(MPa)
Normally consolidated clays 0.2 - 4
Organic alluvial clays and peats 0.1 - 0.6
Behaviour of Hard Soils
Stiff and hard soils have often become overconsolidated, i.e. they have a stress
history in which loading has increased stresses and then unloading has decreased
them.
Deformation is a consequence of changes in effective stress.
A low stresses the behaviour is elastic (or nearly so), with the stiffness remain almost
constant.
After the yield point has been reached, plastic deformation occurs
Work softening occurs in heavily overconsolidated soils, so that the ultimate stress
will be lower than the peak stress.
Behaviour of Hard Soils
Stiffness values vary with different stress regimes, e.g. uniaxial, triaxial, one-
dimensional.
Typical values should not be used in design, except in preliminary stages, feasibility
studies, etc.
Compression tests are required to ascertain reliable and representative values
(refer to the Soil mechanics Reference: Compression and swelling)

Typical E range(MPa)
Unweathered overconsolidated clays 20 - 50
Boulder clay 10 - 20
Keuper Marl (unweathered) >150
Keuper Marl (moderately weathered) 30 - 150
Weathered overconsolidated clays 3 - 10
State of Stress and Strain
The three orthogonal axial directions are defined in soil mechanics similarly to other
engineering disciplines, except that some special considerations apply.
The direction of the z-axis is usually vertical; with positive = downward-with-depth in
site problems.
Stresses relating to soil masses are almost always compressive.
Distinction must be made between total stresses and effective stresses, e.g.
o = total normal stress
o = effective normal stress (note the prime)
o
z

o
y

o
x

o
z

o
a
= total axial compressive stress
o
a
= effective axial stress = o
a
- u
u = internal pore pressure
c
a
= axial strain (due to o
a
)
Uniaxial stress and strain
Triaxial stresses and strains
Biaxially symmetrical stresses and strains
In a triaxial arrangement, normal stresses (o
x
, o y, o z) and normal
strains (c
x
, c
y
, c
z
) are aligned on three orthogonal axes.
In the triaxial test, axial directions are referred to as axial or radial.
Also the two radial values will be equaly, i.e. are biaxially
symmetrical.
o
z
= o
a
= total axial stress
o
x
= o
y
= o
r
= total radial stress
o
z
= o
a
= effective axial stress = o
a
- u
o
x
= o
y
= o
r
= effective radial stress = o
r
- u
u = pore pressure
c
a
= axial strain
c
r
= radial strain
Biaxially symmetrical stresses and strains
The normal stresses are principal stresses (o
1
, o
2
, o
3
)
The deviator and mean normal stresses are defined as:
q = deviator stress = o
a
- o
r
= o
a
- o
r
(= o
1
- o
3
)
p = mean total normal stress = 1/3 (o
1
+ o
2
+ o
3
) = 1/2 (o
a
+ 2o
r
)
p = mean effective normal stress = 1/3 (o
1
+ o
2
+ o
3
) = 1/2 (o
a
+ 2 o
r
)
= p - u
Plane strain
Plane strain conditions occur, for example, under the centre of long strip footings
and retaining walls.
Strains only occur in a vertical plane, perpendicular to this plane the strain is zero.

o
z
or o
v
= vertical total stress
o
z
or o
v
= vertical effective stress
c
z
or c
v
= vertical strain
o
x
or o
h
= horizontal total stress
o
x
or o
h
= horizontal effective stress
o
y
= horizontal stress in the direction of zero strain
= K
0
o
v
(where K
0
= coefficient of earth pressure at rest)
Plane strain
Mohr circle and the invariants s and t
Shear Stress and Strain
Engineers shear strain is defined as the angle of distortion of a rectilinear element.
t = shear stress (acting tangentially)
= shear strain (angular distortion due to the shear stress)
On either side of a slip plane the shear stress (t) has reached a limiting value (t
f
),
which may be termed shear strength, e.g. as in the shear box (or direct shear) test
The stress-displacement (t/dx) curve will have characteristics similar to those of a
shear-stress/shear-strain curve, but cannot be used to measure shear stiffness.
Stiffness Parameters:
Changes in volume in soil masses are due to changes in effective stress.
Changes in shape can be related to both total and effective stresses.

E = Stiffness (Youngs) modulus for direct (axial) straining, i.e. when oo
r
= 0
= oo
a
/ oc
a
i.e.. in terms of total stresses
E
u
= Stiffness modulus measured in undrained conditions, i.e. when oc
v
= 0
E = Stiffness modulus for direct (axial) straining, i.e. when oo
r
= 0
= oo
a
/ oc
a
i.e. in terms of total stresses
E
o
= Youngs modulus for one-dimensional compression, i.e. when oc
r
= 0
K = Bulk modulus (isotropic stress) = oo/ oc
v
G = Shear modulus = ot/o
Stiffness Parameters:
Tangent and Secant values of E
Since the stress-strain behaviour of soil produces a curve, E is not constant, but
decreases with increasing stress. Practical measures of the slope (e.g. to obtain
an E value for design) can be either a secant value or a tangent value.
For problems where the stress is simply raised from zero by Ds, the secant value
is appropriate.

For problems involving small strains around a given level of stress (point A), the
tangent value is more suitable.
STRENGTH AND
FAILURE
Strength and Failure
The strength of a material is often expressed in terms of the applied
stress, e.g.
- in a tie rod: tensile strength
- a concrete cube: compressive strength
- in bolts: shear strength

In all cases, however, strength is related to a characteristic maximum
shear stress.
The magnitude of maximum shear stress is given by the radius of the
Mohr circle.
Kriteria Keruntuhan Menurut MOHR-COLOUMB
Keruntuhan terjadi pada suatu material akibat kombinasi kritis
antara tegangan normal dan geser, dan bukan hanya akibat
tegangan normal maksimum atau tegangan geser maksimum saja.
t
f
= f(o)
| : sudut geser-internal
c : kohesi
t
f
= c + o tan|
Mohr circle for tensile strength
In soil mechanics, since stresses are invariably compressive, the sign convention for
the Mohr circle axes is: compressive stresses are positive and plotted on the
x-axis to the right.
Note that the tensile strength will be given by o
tf
= diameter of the Mohr circle.
The shear strength (t
f
) is given by the radius of the Mohr circle
Mohr circle for compressive strength
Note that the angle of the potential plane of failure is 45
Maximum shear strength = 1/2 o
c
Mohr circle for shear strength
The example in the figure is that of a saturated clay slope, but the same concept
of shear strength applies in all soil constructions.
The stresses at failure (slipping in this case) are:
t
f
= shear stress = radius of the Mohr circle
o
n
= normal effective stress = the x-coordinate of the circle centre
Mohr circle for water
The stresses at a point within a liquid are equal; they plot at a single point.
Thus, liquids have no shear strength.
Strength Criteria
Strength criteria relate to the maximum sustainable shear stress, i.e. the shear
stress at failure.
For soils, there are really two criteria by which strength (and therefore failure)
may be defined, but one of these is modified to provide a third.
o Tresca - applies to failure in metals and undrained soils
o Mohr-Coulomb (when c = 0) - applies the critical state failures in soils
o Mohr-Coulomb (when c > 0) - applies to peak state failures in soils.
The Tresca Criterion
At any level of normal stress the Mohr circle diameter (o
a
- o
r
) remains constant.
The failure envelope is therefore parallel to the on axis and the strength independent of
normal stress.
Failure occurs when the Mohr circle increases in diameter to touch the failure envelope:
Undrained shear strength, t
f
= cu (or s
u
) = o
a
- o
r
= constant
Strength criteria
Related to undrained condition
In terms of total stresses
The Mohr-Coulomb (c = 0) Criterion
The Mohr-Coulomb (c = 0) criterion relates to the drained critical state strength of soils.
Shear strength increases linearly with normal stress; the strength being zero at zero normal
stress.
As the normal stress increases the Mohr circle diameters increase; circles representing
failure stress ultimately touch a straight-line failure envelope.
o Critical state shear strength, t
f
= o
n
tan |
o | (or |
c
) = the critical angle of friction
Strength criteria
Related to drained critical state strength of soils
The Mohr-Coulomb (c > 0) Criterion
Strength increases linearly with normal stress, i.e. circle Mohr diameters increase; circles
representing failure stress touch a failure envelope.
At low stresses the failure envelope is curved, but for practical purpose a straight line is
fitted with a practical normal stress range which gives the cohesion intercept on the shear
stress axis.
Peak state shear strength, t
f
= c + o
n
tan |
p
o c = the cohesion intercept
o |
p
= the peak angle of friction
Strength criteria
Related to drained peak state strength of condition
The Mohr-Coulomb (c > 0) Criterion
Strength increases linearly with normal stress, i.e. circle Mohr diameters increase; circles
representing failure stress touch a failure envelope.
At low stresses the failure envelope is curved, but for practical purpose a straight line is
fitted with a practical normal stress range which gives the cohesion intercept on the shear
stress axis.
Peak state shear strength, t
f
= c + o
n
tan |
p
o c = the cohesion intercept
o |
p
= the peak angle of friction
Strength criteria
Related to drained peak state strength of condition
BASIC GEOTECHNICAL
STRUCTURAL TYPES
BASIC GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURAL TYPES
Foundations
Retaining walls
Slopes
Foundation:
The main variables are load (F), size (B) and founding depth (D).
The main design criteria are settlement and stability.
Sub-types: shallow, deep, piles; pads, strips, rafts; cellular, caissons
Retaining Wall:
These are basically vertical structures subject to horizontal loading.
May be gravity walls, deriving stability from their own weight or embedded walls, which are considered
to be weightless.
The main variables are depth of support provided (H), depth of embedment (D), base size (B), type of
soil.
Design criteria include overturning, sliding, cracking, bending, ground-bearing stability and settlement.

Slope Stability:
Basically two types:
o Cut slopes: excavations, cuttings - construction decreases loading.
o Built slopes: embankments, dams - construction increases loading.
Effects of seepage are important - soil strength varies with pore pressures.
Both short term and long term stability can be critical.
Kemiringan Bidang Keruntuhan Akibat Geser
Tegangan normal dan tegangan geser
pada bidang runtuh:
u
o o
t 2 sin
2
3 1

=
n
u
o o o o
o 2 cos
2 2
3 1 3 1

+
+
=
n
o
1
o
3
o
n
t
f
t
n
o
1
o
3
o
3 <
o
1
Pada saat runtuh: t
f
= t
n

|
(
u |
.
|
\
| o o
+ |
.
|
\
| o o
+ = u
o o
tan 2 cos
2 2
c 2 sin
2
3 1 3 1 3 1
atau
| u u
+ | o
+ o = o
tan cos 2 sin
c tan
2
2
1
3
3 1
.. (a)
Kriteria keruntuhan Mohr-Coloumb:
t
f
= c + o tan|
Persamaan di atas memberikan hubungan baru:
2
45
0
|
+ = u
Untuk harga-harga o
3
dan c tertentu, kondisi runtuh akan ditentukan oleh harga
minimum dari tegangan utama besar o
1
. Bila harga o
1
minimum, maka harga
(1/2.sin2u-cos2 u.tan|) pada Persamaan (a) haruslah maksimum. Sehingga:
( ) 0 tan cos 2 sin
d
d
2
2
1
= | u u
u
0 tan . cos . sin 2 sin cos
2 2
= | u u + u u
| u u
+ | o
+ o = o
tan cos 2 sin
c tan
2
2
1
3
3 1
o
1
o
3
o
n
t
f
t
n
o
1
o
3
o
3 <
o
1
2
45
0
|
+ = u
Gambar disamping menunjukkan gam-
baran separuh lingkaran Mohr yang
mewakili kondisi tegangan pada saat
keruntuhan pada suatu massa tanah.
Garis keruntuhan yang dinyatakan oleh
persamaan t
f
= c + o tan | me-
nyinggung lingkaran Mohr pada titik X.

Jadi, keruntuhan geser yang terjadi
pada bidang tertentu dapat kita nyata-
kan dengan lingkaran berjari-jari OX,
dan bidang tersebut harus membentuk
kemiringan sudut u = 45
0
+ |/2 ter-
hadap bidang utama besar.
Lingkaran Mohr dan Garis Keruntuhan
Bila harga u = 45
0
+ |/2 dimasukkan ke dalam Persamaan (a) dan kemudian
disederhanakan, akan menghasilkan:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 1
45 tan . c 2 45 tan .
| |
+ + + o = o
Akan tetapi, Persamaan (b) juga dapat dengan mudah diturunkan dengan
menggunakan lingkaran Mohr dan ilmu ukur sederhana.
.. (b)
Beberapa Cara Penentuan (Pengujian)
Kekuatan Geser Tanah:
1. Uji Geser Langsung (direct shear test)
2. Uji Triaxial (triaxial test)
3. Uji Kuat Tekan Bebas (unconfined compressive strength test)
4. Uji Vane Shear
5. Dll.
Uji Geser Langsung
N
i

T
i

batu pori
tanah
batu pori
ring
perata beban
meja
Ni : beban vertikal (normal)
Ti : gaya horisontal yang diperlukan
untuk menggeser ring (tanah)
A : luas penampang tanah
si : lintasan yang diperlukan sampai
tanah tergeser
Uji Geser Langsung
Percobaan dengan Menggunakan Pasir
A
N
1
1
= o Uji 1:
Uji 2:
Uji 3:
A
T
1
1
= t
; ; s
1
A
N
2
2
= o
;
;
; s
2
; s
3
A
N
3
3
= o
A
T
2
2
= t
A
T
3
3
= t
Hasil Uji:
s
t
t
f1

t
f2

t
f3

o
3

o
2

o
1

o
t
o
1
o
2
o
3

t
f1

t
f
= o . tan|
t
f2

t
f3

|
| : sudut geser dalam
Percobaan dengan Menggunakan Lempung
| : sudut geser dalam
o
t
o
1
o
2
o
3

t
f1

t
f
= c + o . tan|
t
f2

t
f3

|
c
c : kohesi [kN/m
2
]
Luas Sample : A = (5.08 * 5.08) cm
2
No. Uji

Arah Normal Arah Geser
Gaya Tegangan Gaya Tegangan
kg kg/cm
2
kg kg/cm
2
1 9 0.348751 5.44 0.210924
2 14 0.542501 8.30 0.32166
3 32 1.240002 19.10 0.739993
4 45 1.743753 27.26 1.05638
UJI GESER LANGSUNG
CONTOH TANAH PASIR
Tahanan Geser
y = 0.6022x
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Teg. Normal [kg/cm
2
]
T
e
g
.

G
e
s
e
r

[
k
g
/
c
m
2
]
| = atan(0.6022) = 31
0
c = 0
UJI GESER LANGSUNG
CONTOH TANAH LEMPUNG
Diameter Sample : D = 5.0 cm
No. Uji Arah Normal Arah Geser
Gaya Tegangan Gaya Tegangan
kg kg/cm
2
kg kg/cm
2
1 27 1.374545 14.06 0.715782
2 40 2.036363 18.06 0.919418
3 47 2.392727 20.41 1.039054
4 54 2.749091 22.43 1.141891
| = atan(0.312) = 17.32
0

c = 0.2868 kg/cm
Tahanan Geser
y = 0.312x + 0.2868
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Teg. Normal [kg/cm
2
]
T
e
g
.

G
e
s
e
r

[
k
g
/
c
m
2
]
Pengamatan Hasil Uji Geser Langsung:
Diagram tegangan geser vs. perubahan tinggi
benda uji karena pergerakan menggeser untuk
tanah pasir padat dan lepas (uji geser langsung)
Hal umum yang dapat ditarik dari gambar di atas berkaitan dengan variasi
tegangan geser penghambat dan perpindahan geser, yaitu:
1. Pada pasir lepas (renggang), tegangan geser penahan akan membesar sesuai
dengan membesarnya perpindahan geser sampai tegangan tadi mencapai
tegangan geser runtuh Setelah itu, besar tegangan geser akan kira-kira
konstan sejalan dengan bertambahnya perpindahan geser.
2. Pada pasir padat, tegangan geser penghambat akan naik sejalan dengan
membesarnya perpindahan geser hingga tegangan geser runtuh (maksimum) t
f
tercapai. Harga t
f
ini disebut sebagai kekuatan geser puncak (peak shear
strength). Bila tegangan runtuh telah dicapai, maka tegangan geser
penghambat yang ada akan berkurang secara lambat laun dengan
bertambahnya perpindahan geser sampai pada suatu saat mencapai harga
konstan yang disebut kekuatan geser akhir maksimum (ultimate shear strength).
Uji Triaxial:
PRINCIPLES OF THE TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
The triaxial compression test is used to measure the shear strength of a soil under controlled
drainage conditions. In the conventional triaxial test, a cylindrical specimen of soil encased in
a rubber membrane is placed in a triaxial compression chamber, subjected to a confining fluid
pressure, and then loaded axially to failure. Connections at the ends of the specimen permit
controlled drainage of pore water from the specimen.

The test is called "triaxial" because the three principal stresses are assumed to be known and
are controlled. Prior to shear, the three principal stresses are equal to the chamber fluid
pressure. During shear, the major principal stress, o
1
is equal to the applied axial stress (P/A)
plus the chamber pressure, o
3
.

The applied axial stress, o
1
- o
3
is termed the "principal stress difference" or sometimes the
"deviator stress".

The intermediate principal stress, o
2
and the minor principal stress, o
3
are identical in the test,
and are equal to the confining or chamber pressure hereafter referred to as o
3
.
1. Consolidated-drained test atau
drained test (CD test)
2. Consolidated-undrained test
(CU test)
3. Unconsolidated-undrained test
atau undrained test (UU test)
Tiga tipe standar dari uji triaxial
yang biasanya dilakukan:
Uji Triaxial:
Uji Triaxial:
PENGUJIAN KUAT
GESER DENGAN
TRIAXIAL
Uji Triaxial:
cell body
load ring
cell piston
strain dial
gauge
load dial
gauge
porous discs
1. The cell pressure connection
to the chamber
2. The back pressure
connection to the top of the
sample
3. The pore pressure connection

Three essential connections to
triaxial cell:
Uji Triaxial:
TABUNG TRIAXIAL
SELANG PENYALUR DAN
PENGUKUR TEKANAN (BEBAN)
Kran
u
Ao
d

Ao
d

o
3
o
3

o
3

o
3

Kran
u
o
3
o
3

o
3

o
3

Tahap 1:
Confining Pressure
Tahap 2:
Shear Pressure
o
3
: konstan
Ao
d
: bertahap sampai
runtuh (Ao
d
)
f
Prinsip Uji Triaxial
Pemberian Beban:
Confining Pressure Shear Pressure
Jenis Uji Kran Teg. Air Pori (u) Kran Teg. Air Pori (u)
CD Buka u = u
c
= 0 Buka u = u
c
+Au
d
= 0
CU Buka u = u
c
= 0 Tutup u = u
c
+Au
d
= Au
d

UU Tutup u = u
c
Tutup u = u
c
+Au
d

Perbedaan Tipe Standard Pengujian Triaxial
Hasil Uji Triaxial CD
Garis keruntuhan untuk tegangan efektif
dari uji CD pada pasir dan lempung NC
Total = Effective
c ~ 0
Hasil Uji Triaxial CD
Garis keruntuhan untuk tegangan efektif
dari uji CD pada lempung OC
Contoh 9-2:
Hasil uji triaxial cara air teralirkan-terkonsolidasi (CD) pada tanah lempung NC
adalah sebagai berikut:
o
3
= 276 kN/m
2
(Ao
d
)
f
= 276 kN/m
2
Tentukan:
a) Sudut geser, |
b) Sudut u (sudut antara bidang keruntuhan dengan bidang utama besar/major
principal plane)
c) Tegangan normal o dan tegangan geser t
f
pada bidang keruntuhan
Penyelesaian:
Untuk tanah NC, persamaan garis keruntuhannya adalah:
t
f
= o tan |
Pada uji triaxial baik tegangan utama besar maupun kecil pada saat terjadi
keruntuhan adalah:
o
1
= o
1
= o
3
+ ((Ao
d
)
f
= 276 + 276 = 552 kN/m
2
dan,
o
3
= o
3
= 276 kN/m
2
Atau
sin | =
333 . 0
276 552
276 552
' '
' '
3 1
3 1
=
+
=
+
o o
o o
| = 19.45
o
o o o
73 . 54
2
45 . 19
45
2
45 = + = + =
|
u b)
a) Lingkaran Mohr dan garis keruntuhan dapat dilihat pada gambar depan, dimana:
sin | =
(
+
(

=
2
' '
2
' '
3 1
3 1
o o
o o
OA
AB
Dengan memasukkan harga o
1
= 552 kN/m
2
, o
3
=276 kN/m
2
, dan u
= 54,73
o
di atas akan didapatkan
2
kN/m 368.03 54.73) cos(2
2
276 552
2
276 552
' =
+
+
=
dan,
2
f
kN/m 130.12 54.73) sin(2
2
276 552
=
=
c) dengan menggunakan persamaan (6-8) dan (6.9):
o (pada bidang keruntuhan) = u
o o o o
2 cos
2
' '
2
' '
3 1 3 1

+
+
dan,
u
o o
t 2 sin
2
' '
3 1

=
f
Contoh 9-4:
Dua buah benda uji dari tanah lempung yang sama mula-mula dikonsolidasi dengan
tegangan penyekap sebesar 600 kN/m
2
. Kemudian kedua benda benda uji tersebut
diuji triaxial CD dengan tekanan penyekap yang berbeda dan jauh lebih kecil dari
tegangan penyekap mula-mula di atas. Hasil kedua uji tadi adalah sebagai berikut:
Benda uji 1 : o
3
=100 kN/m
2
(Ao
d
)
f
=410.6 kN/m
2
Benda uji 2 : o
3
=50 kN/m
2
(Ao
d
)
f
=384.37 kN/m
2
Tentukan parameter-parameter dari kekuatan geser sampel tanah.
Penyelesaian:
Untuk benda uji 2, tegangan-tegangan utamanya adalah:
o
3
= o
3
= 50 kN/m
2
o
1
= o
1
= o
3
+ ((Ao
d
)
f
= 50 + 384.37= 434.37 kN/m
2
Untuk benda uji 1, tegangan-tegangan utama pada saat runtuh adalah:
o
3
= o
3
= 100 kN/m
2
o
1
= o
1
= o
3
+ ((Ao
d
)
f
= 100 + 410.6 = 510.6 kN/m
2
..(a)
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
45 tan 2
2
45 tan 100 6 . 510
1 1 2
| |
o o
c
Benda uji 2:
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
45 tan 2
2
45 tan 50 37 . 434
1 1 2
| |
o o
c
..(b)
Kedua benda uji ini adalah terkonsolidasi lebih (OC). Jadi, dengan
menggunakan hubungan pada Persamaan (9-7):
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
45 tan 2
2
45 tan ' '
1 1 2
3 1
| |
o o
o o
c
Benda uji 1:
Dengan memasukkan | =12 ke Persamaan (a), didapatkan :
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
12
45 tan 2
2
12
45 tan 100 6 . 510
2 o o
c
510.6 = 152.5 + 2.47c
c = 145 kN/m
2
Bila Persamaan (a) dikurangi Persamaan (b) didapat:
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
45 tan 50 23 . 76
1 2
|
o
o o
51
2
23 . 76
tan
2
45
1 1
=
(
= +

|
atau | = 12
o
50
Hasil Uji Triaxial CU
Garis keruntuhan untuk tegangan total & efektif dari uji CU
pada pasir dan lempung NC
Hasil Uji Triaxial CU
Garis keruntuhan untuk tegangan total dari uji CU
pada lempung OC
Contoh 9-5:
Sebuah benda uji dari tanah pasir jenuh air diberi tekanan penyekap (confining
pressure) sebesar 60 lb/in
2
. Kemudian tegangan aksial dinaikkan tanpa
memperbolehkan terjadinya drainase (dari dan ke dalam benda uji). Benda uji
tersebut mencapai keruntuhan pada saat tegangan aksial mencapai 50 lb/in
2
.
Tegangan air pori pada saat runtuh adalah 41.35 lb/in
2
.
Tentukan:
a) Sudut geser kondisi CU
b) Sudut geser kondisi CD
Penyelesaian:
bagian a)
Pada saat runtuh, o
3
= 60 lb/in
2
o
1
= o
1
= o
3
+ (Ao
d
)
f
= 60 + 50 = 110 lb/in
2

(Ao
d
)
f
= (Ao
d
)
failure
= (Ao
d
)
pada

saat runtuh
Dari gambar:

sin |
(cu)
=
| |
| | ' '
' '
3 1
3 1
o o
o o
+
=
OA
AB
| |
| |
294 . 0
170
50
60 110
60 110
= =
+
=
atau
|
(cu)
= 17.1
o

Penyelesaian:
bagian b)
o
3
= o
3
- (Au
d
)
f
= 60 41.35 = 18.65 lb/in
2
o
1
= o
1
- (Au
d
)
f
= 110 41.35 = 68.65 lb/in
2
sin |
(CD)
=
| |
| | ' '
' '
3 1
3 1
o o
o o
+
=
OA
AB
| |
| |
5727 . 0
3 . 87
50
65 . 18 65 . 68
65 . 18 65 . 68
= =
+
=
|
(CD)
= 34.94
o

Hasil Uji Triaxial UU
Lingkaran Mohr untuk tegangan total
dan garis keruntuhan dari uji UU
Hasil Uji Triaxial UU
Contoh Kasus Penggunaan Paramater CD:
Contoh Kasus Penggunaan Paramater CD:
Contoh Kasus Penggunaan Paramater CU:
Contoh Kasus Penggunaan Paramater UU:
COMPARISON OF THE TRIAXIAL AIND THE
DIRECT SHEAR TEST

The advantages of the triaxial test over
the direct shear test are:
Progressive effects are less in the triaxial.
The measurement of specimen volume changes
are more accurate in the triaxial.
The complete state of stress is assumed to be
known at all stages during the triaxial test,
Whereas only the stresses at failure are known
in the direct shear test.
The triaxial machine is more adaptable to special
requirements.

The advantages of the direct shear
test are:
Direct shear machine is simpler and
faster to operate.
A thinner soil sample is used in the direct
shear test, thus facilitating drainage of
the pore-water from a saturated
specimen.

COMPARISON OF THE TRIAXIAL AIND THE
DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Uji Kuat Tekan Bebas
u
u
f
c
q
= = =
2 2
1
o
t
Uji Vane Shear
T
h
d
T
T = Me + Ms + Me
T : momen torsi
Me : momen tahanan pada muka atas
dan bawah silinder runtuh
Ms : momen tahanan pada dinding silinder
runtuh

) ( c dh) ( M
2
d
u s
t =
8
d
u e
3
c M | t =
Dimana: d : diameter baling-baling
h : tinggi baling-baling
a) | = tahanan geser termobilisasi dianggap berbentuk segi tiga
b) | = 2/3 tahanan geser termobilisasi dianggap seragam
c) | = 3/5 tahanan geser termobilisasi dianggap berbentuk parabola
c
u

d/2 d/2 d/2 d/2
d/2 d/2
T = Me + Ms + Me
|
|
.
|
\
|
| + t =
4
d
2
h d
c .
3 2
u
|
|
.
|
\
|
| + t
=
4
d
2
h d
T
c
3 2
u

Uji Vane Shear
Uji Vane Shear
VANE SHEAR
LABORATORIUM
VANE SHEAR
LAPANGAN
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI BESARNYA
KEKUATAN GESER TANAH:
1. Keadaan tanah: ukuran butiran, angka pori, bentuk
2. Jenis tanah: kerikil, pasir, lanau, lempung, berpasir, berlempung
3. Kadar air: terutama pada lempung
4. Jenis dan tingkat beban: pembebanan yang terlalu cepat menghasilkan
tekanan air pori yang berlebih
5. Anisotropis: kuat geser arah tegak lurus berbeda dengan arah sejajar
bidang geser
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI HASIL UJI
KUAT GESER DI LABORATORIUM:
1. Metoda pengujian
2. Derajat ketergangguan contoh tanah
3. Kadar air contoh tanah saat diuji
4. Tingkat regangan
METODA EMPIRIS PENENTUAN KUAT GESER:
(korelasi cukup memadai untuk rentang harga-harga LL = 20 45 dan PI = 15 30)
Index Plastisitas, PI [%]
S
u
d
u
t

G
e
s
e
r

D
a
l
a
m
.
|

[
.
.
0
]

0
30
20
20
10
40
40 60 80 100
0
Lempung
0 20 40 60 80 100
30
20
10
40
0
S
u
d
u
t

G
e
s
e
r

D
a
l
a
m
.
|

[
.
.
0
]

Persentase Lempung [% < 0.002 mm]
Batas Nilai
METODA EMPIRIS PENENTUAN KUAT GESER:
Pasir

Kekuatan Geser Tanah

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