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Answers:
1. Minimum Requirements: a) For Unix:
For minimal system, 200MHz with 32 MB of RAM is enough (embedded systems, for instance). Desktop requirements are higher, but 600MHz with 256 or 512MB of RAM gives comfort. It means that any recent computer will do. If tweaked, however, it would run, on 200MHz with 64MB of RAM. Typical installation takes about 3GB (will all desktop applications, like OpenOffice).

b) For Linux: For Fedora Core 4, 200 MHz Pentium-class or better is recommended for text-mode, 400 MHz Pentium II or better for graphical. This list is for 32-bit x86 systems: i) Minimum for text-mode: 64MB ii) Minimum for graphical: 192MB This list is for 64-bit x86_64 systems: i) Minimum for text-mode: 128MB ii) Minimum for graphical: 256MB The complete installed packages can occupy over 9 GB of disk space. 5% additional free space should also required for maintaining proper system operation.

c) Windows: The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are: i) ii) iii) iv) Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended) At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended) At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or higher resolution

d) Android: Android is the most widely used mobile OS these days . The below content tells the android version, the name assigned for each android versions, and its release date .

The name for Android 4.0 is Ice Cream Sandwich. Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) is the latest version of the Android platform for phones, tablets, and more. It builds on the things people love most about Android easy multitasking, rich notifications, customizable home screens, resizable widgets, and deep interactivity and adds powerful new ways of communicating and sharing. For android 4.0 Version, there are two basic and important requirements.
i) ii)

Ram : The Ram of your device should be of a minimum of 256 Mb which would handle the large applications. GPU : There should be decent enough GPU on your device to process all the queries in the background.

2. Difference between serial and parallel communication:

Serial communication has less number of wires (normally 2 wires. One for sending and another for receiving) and it is slow and Parallel communication has so many numbers of wire & it is fast. In serial communication, the data that is to be communicated is passed serially that is one by one and in parallel communication, the datas are passed parallel.

Advantages of serial communication:

Serial communication has some advantages over the parallel communication. One of the advantages is transmission distance, serial link can send data to a remote device more far than parallel link. Also the cable connection of serial link is simpler then parallel link and uses less number of wires. Serial link is used also for Infrared communication, now many devices such as laptops & printers can communicate via inferred link.

3. What is a Mobile station?

The best known part of the cellular network is certainly the mobile stations. Different types of mobile stations are distinguished by power and application. The mobile station ( MS) types include not only vehicle mounted portable equipment but also handheld stations popularly known as mobile handsets. A significant architectural aspect of the MS relates to the concept of Subscriber Identity Module ( SIM). The SIM card contains a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity ( IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system. The SIM is basically a smart card, containing all the subscriber -related information stored on the users side of the radio interface. A potential user may off course buy a mobile equipment, but he may also lease or borrow the equipment or purchase it through other channels. Fixed Mobile Stations are

permanently installed in a car and may have a maximum allowed RF output of up to 20W. Portable ( bag phones) can emit up to8 W and handheld portable units up to 2 W. With Second Generation mobiles ( on the market since 1993), the GSM system is becoming more and more attractive. Hand-portable units are becoming much smaller and are coming with numerous features on it. This is giving the system a boost popularity, especially in those markets with a particular demand for small mobiles such as in Asian and Pacific areas.

4. What is a Base Station?

The counterpart to a mobile station within a cellular network is the base station or base transceiver station ( BTS), which is the mobile's interface to the network. Each cell site is equipped with a BTS. A BTS is usually located in the center of a cell. A cell site is used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment that provides coverage within a cell. The transmitting power of the BTS determines the absolute cell size. The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile station. BTSs are placed in the field to transfer a call to a customer's handsets, and there are between one and sixteen transceiver, each of which represents a separate RF channel. A BTS may cover an area of 30 - 40 sq kms. However, in a congested, urban location, the BTS coverage area is much smaller. BTS can be considered as complex radio modems and have little other function. A list of hardware located at a cell site includes power sources, interface equipment, radio frequency transmitters and receivers, and antenna systems. In general, Base station is a relay located at the center of any of the cells of a cellular telephone system.

5. What is 2G and 3G?

2G is the GSM specification used to enhance the mobile whereas 3G communications is used for mobile users to have communication over voice with added Multimedia Applications with proportionate speed as well.

6. What is GSM and CDMA?

CDMA: stands for Code Division Multiple Access . Both data and voice are separated from signals using codes and then transmited using a wide frequency range. Because of this, there are more space left for data transfer (this was one of the reasons why CDMA is the prefered technology for the 3G generation, which is broadband access and the use of big multimedia messages). 14% of the worldwide market goes to CDMA. For the 3G generation CDMA uses 1x EV-DO and EV-DV. It has a lot of users in Asia, specially in South Korea. GSM: stands for Global System Mobile. Even though it is sold as "the latest technology" in several countries, this technology is older than CDMA (and also TDMA). But keep in mind that this doesn't mean that GSM is inferior or worse than CDMA. Roaming readiness and fraud prevention are two major advantages from this technology. GSM is the most used cell phone technology in the world, with 73% of the worldwide market. It has a very strong presence in Europe.

7. What is meant by IR Sensors ?

IR Sensor or IR Detector is a sensing device that picks up radiation in the infrared band. Used extensively for still and video night vision cameras, cooled IR detectors can sense the makeup of nebulae light years in the distance. The IR industry is maturing rapidly and is expected to make devices that detect a myriad of conditions, including irregularities in machinery, ice on aircraft wings and faults in circuit boards. Infrared detection works because most everything in our known world gives off heat, which emits radiation in the infrared band. The first IR detector actually dates back to 1800 when prisms were used to detect this band. By 1900, objects could be detected as far as a quarter mile in the distance.

8. Why RS232 is chosen for Serial Communication?

For Answer, refer the PDF attach with this mail.

9. What is a clock signal?

Electronic pulses which are emitted periodically, usually by a crystal device, to synchronize the operation of circuits in a computer is known as clock signals.

10. What is a Synchronous transmission and Asynchronous transmission?

Synchronous (Synchronous I/O or Synchronous Transmission) Synchronous systems negotiate the communication parameters at the data link layer

before communication begins. Basic synchronous systems will synchronize the signal clocks on both sides before transmission begins, reset their numeric counters and take other steps. More advanced systems may negotiate things like error correction and compression. It is possible to have both sides try to synchronize the connection at the same time. Usually, there is a process to decide which end should be in control. Both sides in synchronous communication can go through a lengthy negotiation cycle where they exchange communications parameters and status information. With a lengthy connection establishment process, a synchronous system using an unreliable physical connection will spend a great deal of time in negotiating, but not in actual data transfer. Once a connection is established, the transmitter sends out a signal, and the receiver sends back data regarding that transmission, and what it received. This connection negotiation process takes longer on low error-rate lines, but is highly efficient in systems where the transmission medium itself (an electric wire, radio signal or laser beam) is not particularly reliable. Asynchronous (Asynchronous I/O or Asynchronous Transmission)

Asynchronous communication utilizes a transmitter, a receiver and a wire without coordination about the timing of individual bits. There is no coordination between the two end points on just how long the transmiter leaves the signal at a certain level to represent a single digital bit. Each device uses a clock to measure out the 'length' of abit. The transmitting device simply transmits. The receiving device has to look at the incoming signal and figure out what it is receiving and coordinate and retime its clock to match the incoming signal. Sending data encoded into your signal requires that the sender and receiver are both using the same encoding/decoding method, and know where to look in the signal to find data. Asynchronous systems do not send separate information to indicate the encoding or clocking information. The receiver must decide the clocking of the signal on it's own. This means that the receiver must decide where to look in the signal stream to find ones and zeroes, and decide for itself where each individual bit stops and starts. This information is not in the data in the signal sent from transmitting unit. When the receiver of a signal carrying information has to derive how that signal is organized without consulting the transmitting device, it is called asynchronous communication. In short, the two ends do not always negotiate or work out the connection parameters before communicating. Asynchronous communication is more efficient when there is low loss and low error rates over the transmission medium because data is not retransmitted and no time is spent setting negotiating the connection parameters at the beginning of transmission. Asynchronous systems just transmit and let the far end station figure it out. Asynchronous is sometimes called "best effort" transmission because one side simply transmits, and the other does it's best to receive and any lost data is recovered by a higher level protocol.

Conclusion Drawn from asynchronous transmission: asynchronous transmissions are a faster means of connecting, but less reliable when transmitting. ****ALL THE BEST GANESH******