CURVATURE OF A CURVE

TERM PAPER
MTH 151
CALCULUS- II
TOPIC- RADIUS OF CURVATURE, LENGTH OF ARC AND CIRCLE OF CURVATURE
DOA: DOR: DOS:

MR.RATNESH KUMAR DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MR. ASHISH MITTAL ROLL. NO- RA4005A20 CLASS- A4005

REG. NO- 11001449 COURSE CODE- 1258D

CURVATURE OF A CURVE

Curvature of any general curve

For any general plane curve C, the curvature at a given point P has a magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the radius of an osculating circle (a circle that closely touches the curve at the given point P, its center shaping the curve's evolute), and is a vector pointing in the direction of that circle's center. The smaller the radius r of the osculating circle, the larger the magnitude of the curvature (1/r) will be; so that where a curve is "nearly straight," the curvature will be close to zero, and where the curve undergoes a tight turn, the curvature will be large in magnitude.

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
The magnitude of curvature at points on physical curves can be measured in diopters (also spelled dioptre); a diopter has the dimension length-1 A straight line has curvature 0 everywhere; a circle of radius r has curvature 1/r everywhere.

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF CURVATURE

For any function y= f(x) representing any general curve =

) )

Meanwhile the radius of the curve

p=

) )

) ) )

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
GENERAL MEANING OF CURVATURE
If we suppose that the particle moves in any arbitrary plane with a unit velocity, then the locus of the particle will trace out a curve. Moreover, taking the time as the parameter, this provides a natural parametrization for C. At any motion and the curvature measures how fast this vector rotates. If a curve keeps close to the same direction, the unit tangent vector changes very little and the curvature is small; where the curve undergoes a tight turn, the curvature is large.

If we consider any two points on the circle P & N and the tangents at the points P & Q makes an angle Q and Q with the X-axis, then the angle b/w the two tangents is Q-Q= dq and let the distance b/w two points be ds.

Then the rate of bending of the curve or the curvature can be expressed as

LENGTH OF THE ARC OF A CURVE

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
For any curve ,the length of the locus of the tells us the length of arc of the curve by using line segments to create a polygonal path. Now summing over the length of such line segment over the entire curve will give us the approximation of the length of the curve.

LENGTH OF ANY GENERAL CURVE

Let C be a curve in Euclidean space X = Rn, such that C is the image of a continuous function f : [a, b] X of the interval [a, b] into X. ) ) ) ) ) We calculate the distance from (to, f(to)) to, (to+i ,f(to+i )) denote it by d which is the length of the segment of the curve.

LENGTH OF THE SMALL SEGMENT =

) ) ) )) ) = dx So length of each segment =

Now integrating over the whole length of the curve ,we get the length of curve as If a function is defined by parametric coordinates (r, )

Then length of the arc is

CURVATURE OF A CURVE

Approximation by multiple linear segments

A curve can be approximated by connecting the finite number of points on the curve by using line segments to create a polygonal path.Since it is easy to find the length of each segment of the curve, then the approximated length of curves can be predicted out by summing the total length of the line segments If the curve is not already a polygonal path, better approximations to the curve can be obtained by following the shape of the curve increasingly more closely. The approach is of use when there are larger number of segments of smaller lengths. As the length of the successive line segments gets arbitrarily small, then the summated length of the line segments over the curve will approach to the length of the smooth curve. For some curves there is a smallest number L that is an upper bound on the length of any polygonal approximation. If such a number exists, then the curve is said to be rectifiable and the curve is defined to have arc length L. Let C be a curve in Euclidean (or, more generally, a metric) space X = Rn, so C is the image of a continuous function f : [a, b] X of the interval [a, b] into X.

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
From a partition a = t0 < t1 < ... < tn1 < tn = b of the interval [a, b] we obtain a finite collection of points f(t0), f(t1), ..., f(tn1), f(tn) on the curve C. Denote the distance from f(ti) to f(ti+1) by d(f(ti), f(ti+1)), which is the length of the line segment connecting the two points. . The arc length L is either finite or infinite. If L < then we say that C is rectifiable, and is non-rectifiable otherwise. This definition of arc length does not require that C is defined by a differentiable function.

To find arc length through integration

Consider a real function f(x) such that f(x):A B where A{R}. Consider an infinitesimal part of the curve be ds. According to Pythagoras' theorem ds2 = dx2 + dy2, from which: ds2 = dx2 + dy2

CURVATURE OF A CURVE

If a curve is defined parametrically by x = X(t) and y = Y(t), then its arc between t = a and t = b is

S=

S along f between two points a and b in that curve, construct a series of right triangles whose concatenated hypotenuses "cover" the arc of curve chosen as shown in the figure. For convenience, the bases of all those triangles can be set equal to x, so that for each one an associated y exists. The length of any given hypotenuse is given by the Pythagorean Theorem:

The summation of the lengths of the n hypotenuses approximates S:

Multiplying the radicand by

produces:

Then, our previous result becomes:

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
As the length x of these segments decreases, the approximation improves. The limit of the approximation, as x goes to zero, is equal to S:

APPLICATION OF THESE CONCEPTS IN REAL LIFE

A real-world example of the radius of curvature is when we are driving along a curved road. We are forced to hold the steering wheel in a certain position. If at Point A on the road we were to keep the steering wheel in a fixed position, the car would travel in a circle. That circle is the curvature of the function at Point A, and the radius of that circle is the radius of curvature of that function.

CURVATURE OF A CURVE

The radius of curvature in railways signifies how fast the track is changing direction. It is the radius of a circle that matches the particular section of track involved. This is important in calculating the maximum speed that a train can have while entering the curve. Knowing how rapidly the radius changes, a curved section of track is gradually tightened up so that the left-right acceleration of the train does not change suddenly.

CURVATURE OF A CURVE
It is used to calculate the maximum deviation from centre that a train will have going through the curve. This is due to the fact that each car has a set distance between wheels and the car will be a chord on the circle of track. This has application in positioning platforms in relation to tracks, and in positioning curved tracks that are adjacent to other curved tracks .

CURVATURE OF A CURVE

CURVATURE OF A CURVE