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The Economics of Brain Network
The Economics of Brain Network
The Economics of Brain Network
EdBullmore
In brain networks the topological properties that add the most adaptive Inbrainnetworks,thetopologicalpropertiesthataddthemostadaptive valueareoftenthemostcostly
Longdistanceconnectionsneededforintegrativeprocessing Central hubs that mediate a lot of inter modular connections Centralhubsthatmediatealotofintermodularconnections
Howdidwestartthinkingaboutbrainnetworks?
Macro Micro
Mayo,Meynert
(1827,1870)
Ramny Cajal
(1890)
Clustering
Bassett&Bullmore(2006) Neuroscientist
Degree Hubs
Topology:thestudyofpropertiesthatarepreservedundercontinuousdeformationofobjects
Thesmallworldofthewormsbrain
Caenorhabditiselegans
Smallworld Highclusteringorcliquishnessofconnections
betweenneighboringnodes Shortpathlengthorhighefficiencyof communicationbetween anypairofnodes
Anatomy(277neurons,7000synapses)
Costefficient
46%maximumefficiencyofinformationtransferfor about4%maximumconnectioncost
Watts&Strogatz (1998)Nature;Latora &Marchiori (2001)PhysRevLett
Topology(277nodes,7000edges)
Fromneuroimaging tobraingraphs
1. Estimateanassociationmatrixfrom thedata
Whatarethenodes? Whatmetricofconnectivity?
Fornito etal(2010)FrontSysNeuro
Brain graphs are statistical models entailing assumptions and tradeoffs which influence parameter values Brain graph parameters make sense relativistically, not absolutely; comparison between graphs is not trivial
Bassett&Bullmore(2010)Curr OpNeurol;Bullmore&Bassett(2011)Annu RevClin Psychol
Smallworldness
highclustering shortpathlengthorhighefficiency
Costefficiency
highefficiencyofinformationtransferforrelativelylow connectioncost
Whatsspecialandwhatsuniversalabouthumanbrains comparedtootherinformationnetworks? d t th i f ti t k?
EconomicNetwork NewYorkStockExchange
SocialNetwork Twittergadaffi
Vertes etal(2011)FrontSysNeurosci
Backtoanatomy Countingthematerialandmetaboliccostsofbrainnetworks Counting the material and metabolic costs of brain networks
Cajals economicalprinciple:
Werealizedthatallofthevarious conformationsoftheneuronanditsvarious componentsaresimplymorphological adaptationsgovernedbylawsof conservationfortime,space,andmaterial. Increasingawarenessalsoofthemetabolic orenergycostsofthenervoussystemand thebiologicaldrivetocontrolmetabolicas wellasmaterialcostsofbrains
Macaque
C.elegans
Kaiser&Hilgetag (2006)PLoS CompBiol
Tradeoffsbetweenconnectiondistanceand topologyinhumanbrainnetworks l i h b i k
AlexanderBlochetal(2011)inreview
Costefficiencyanditsheritabilityinhumanbrainnetworks
Ifbrainnetworkshadbeenselectedby If brain networks had been selected by competitivecriteriaofminimising costand maximising efficiencywemightpredictthat costefficiencyisheritable Tradeoffbetweentopologicalefficiencyand connectioncost(Euclideandistance betweenfunctionallyconnectedregions)was measuredin16MZand13DZtwinpairs Globalcostefficiencywasheritable~0.6and nodalcost efficiencywasheritable 0.8in nodal costefficiency was heritable ~0 8 in symmetricalcorticalregions,includingDMN components
Fornito etal(2011)JNeurosci
Expensive,longrangeintegrativeconnectionsmaybeworthit forextracognitivecapacity
Modules
Clustering
Longdistance edges
bandfrequencynetworks band frequency networks recordedusingMEGinhealthy volunteersperformingNback workingmemorytask
Intermodular edges
Kitzbichler etal(2011)JNeurosci
Changesincognitiveloadareassociatedwithrapidreconfiguration ofnetworktopologyandconnectiondistance
Kitzbichler etal(2011)JNeurosci
Segregatedprocesses
Specialised egfacevision Encapsulated Localised Unconscious Automatic
FunctionalMRInetworks
Connectiondistanceincreases withage
Fairetal(2007)ProcNatl Acad Sci Hagmann etal(2010)ProcNatl Acad Sci
AnatomicalDTInetworks
Topologicalefficiencyincreases withage
Functionalnetworksandconnectorhubsareless parsimoniouslyconnectedinschizophrenia i i l t di hi h i
AlexanderBlochetal(2011)inreview
Achardetal(2006),JNeurosci;Honey&Sporns(2008)HumBrainMapp; Lynalletal(2010)JNeurosci;Vertesetal(2011),inreview
Conclusions
Brainsmakeadaptivevalueatsomephysicalcost Inbrainnetworks,thetopologicalpropertiesthataddthemostadaptivevalueareoftenthemostcostly Likeprofitablebusinesses,brainnetworksnegotiateaneconomictradeoffbetweenaddingvalueandcontrolling productioncosts
Brainnetworkshavecomplextopologyembeddedinanatomicalspace
Longdistanceconnections,oftenbetweenmodules,areimportantforefficiencyofinformationtransferandformationof workspaces Topologicalpropertiessuchasefficiencyandrobustnesshaveadaptivevalueintermsofsupportingeffortfulcognitiveprocesses l l h ff d b h d l f ff f l andresiliencetoadverseperturbation Brainscanrapidlyandslowlyreconfigurethemselvesintermsofconnectiondistanceandtopology TradeoffsbetweenwiringcostandtopologicalefficiencyhavebeendemonstrateddirectlyinCelegans and,lessdirectly,in humans Itisplausiblethataneconomicaltradeoffbetweentopologicalandspatialpropertiesisanimportantcriterionfordevelopmental andevolutionaryselectionofbrainnetworks Braindisordersimpactingoncognitivefunctionhaveabnormalnetworkproperties,spatiallyandtopologically,suggestingthat i di d i i ii f i h b l k i i ll d l i ll i h neurologicalandpsychiatricsymptomsariseespeciallywhenthemorecostlycomponentsofnetworksarelesioned ordevelop abnormally
Aneconomicalmodelofbrainnetworkorganizationisnotyetrefutedandcouldbenefitfrom furthertesting
Moreprecisecharacterizationofwiringcostinhumannetworks Morestudiesofbrainnetworksinexperimentallytractableanimalmodels Morecomputationalmodelingofnetworkselectionbyeconomiccriteria Morecomprehensiveandlargersamplemappingofnetworkabnormalitiesacrossarangeofbraindisorders
ManyThanks! y
SophieAchard AaronAlexanderBloch Dani Bassett RichardCoppola AlexFornito JayGiedd Carsten Giessing Nitin Gogtay Rik Henson ManfredKitzbichler M f d Kit bi hl Renaud Lambiotte Naaman Mammuz DavidMeunier AndreasMeyerLindenberg JudithRapoport J dith Rapoport RaymondSalvador OlafSporns PetraVertes
etb23@cam.ac.uk