Speed

Speed = distance time Units metres per second kilometres per hour miles per hour centimetres per second

Speed camera 2 photos measure time lines on road usd to measure distance travelled radar gun light beam reflects back to gun

Use a ruler to help read information off graphs horizontal line = object stationary diagonal line = object moving curved line = speed changing gradient steeper = moving faster Y axis = distance X axis = time Graphs

Speed 2
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Changing Speed
Acceleration - an increase in the speed of an object change in speed time taken - units m/s2 (metres per second squared) Deceleration - decrease in the speed of an object Velocity - speed of a moving object in a known direction (m/s East) Acceleration / deceleration graphs Similar to speed graphs. Take care to check gradient of graph and to read the axis

MXA
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F Force = Mass x Acceleration Air resistance causes object falling to Earth to slow down Friction causes an object to slow down Weight (gravity) causes objects to fall and speed up as they fall Forces measured in newtons (N) Forcea are pushes or pulls

Forces and Motion

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Forces and Motion

Accelerate - needs a pull force from the engine Balanced - constant speed or at rest - forces equal Unbalanced - accelerate or decelerate - forces unequal Braking distance - distance to stop brakes applied Braking distance affected by - tyres, road surface, speed Thinking distance - distance to react Thinking distance affected by - distractions, age, drugs (alcohol), tiredness

Stopping distance = thinking + braking

Power ratings are given to cars. Fxd

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W Work done = Force (N) x Distance (m) The amount of work done depends on size and distance Work Done (J) = Energy Transferred (J) Work is done when a force moves an object.

Work and Power

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Work and Power

Work - when force moves Energy - needed to move force Power = work done time taken Unit of power = Watt Fuel consumption amount of fuel used by a car over a set distance greater quantity = lower efficiency Carbon dioxide emissions = greenhouse gases = global warming = ice caps melting = sea levels rising

Electric cars - solar powered or battery - how do you charge battery? Petrol / diesel cars - fossil fuels diesel engine more efficient Biofuels Fossil fuels Kinetic energy

Energy on the Move

from plants renewable pollution non-renewable movement energy increases with mass and speed
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Crumple Zones
Crumple zones - designed to absorb and spread kinetic energy Seatbelt - stretches and slows forward motion Airbags - absorb energy from forward motion Active safety features directly improve safety of vehicle ABS, traction control, safety cage Passive safety features help concentration electric windows, cruise control, paddle shift controls adjustable seating

Free fall Reducing resistance Terminal speed - maximum speed Air resistance - force caused by molecules acting on surface of falling object Gravity -

Falling Safely

true if no friction above Earth's atmosphere, on Moon shape (streamlining / aerodynamic) lubricating force of attraction to centre of object all accelerate at a rate of 10m/s2 no matter what mass
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Falling Safely
The Motion of a Skydiver sky diver jumps they accelerate gravity acts as a force of attraction speed of sky diver increases as speed increases so does air resistance the maximum speed is called terminal speed after the parachute opens unbalanced forces act again increased air resistance builds up eventually forces balance and sky diver falls at a steady speed

Other things affected by air resistance shuttlecocks roof boxes deflectors F1 cars

kinetic energy = 1 mv2 2 Conservation of energy = kinetic at bottom + energy transferred due to friction Energy transfers Gravitational potential -

The Energy of Theme Park Rides

gravitational transferred to kinetic energy cannot return as some transferred to sound and heat energy 'stored' when object high up depends on mass and height
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The Energy of Games and Theme Park Rides

on most theme park rides the cars start high up with lots of gravitational potential energy as the cars drop most energy is transferred to kinetic energy the car reaches its highest speed at the bottom of a drop as the car rises again the kinetic energy is transferred back to gravitational potential energy. the second rise will never be as high as the first as some of the initial gravitational potential energy is 'lost' as heat and sound energy

Mass of car doubles = kinetic energy doubled Speed of car doubles = kinetic energy quadruples GPE mxgxh