3

(Derivatives and Applications)

3.1
3.1 f x f f (x)
f (x) = lim f (x h) f (x)
h 0

f f
3.2 f (Differentiable) x f (x)
3.3 f f (x) f
3.1
1. f (x) = x2
2. f (x) = x
1. f (x) = x2
f (x) =

f (x h) f (x)
h
h 0
lim

(x h) 2 x 2
h
h 0

x 2 2xh h 2 x 2
h
h 0

lim

lim

lim 2x h

h 0

= 2x

21
2. f (x) = x
f (x) =
=
=
=
=

f (x h) f (x)
h
h 0
xh x
lim
h
h 0
lim

xh x
h

lim

h 0

lim

h 0

xh x
xh x

xhx
h( x h x )

1
2 x

y = f (x) f (x)
df (x )
df
y , dy
dx , dx dx

3.2 f (x) = | x | f x = 0
f (x) =
=

f (x h) f (x)
h
h 0
| xh|| x|
lim
h
h 0
lim

x = 0
f (0) = lim | 0 h | | 0 |
h0

h
|h|
lim
h0 h
|h|
lim
h
h 0
|h|
lim
h
h 0

|h|
h0 h
lim

=
=

h
h 0 h
h
lim
h
h 0
lim

=
=

lim 1

= -1

lim 1

= 1

h 0

h 0

f (0) =
f x = 0
3.1.1

1. f (x) = c, c f (x) = 0
2. f (x) = x n, n f (x) = n x n - 1

22

1. f (x) = a x, a f (x) = a x ln a
2. f (x) = e x, f (x) = e x

1. f (x) = sin x,
2. f (x) = cos x,
3. f (x) = tan x,

f (x) = cos x
f (x) = sin x
f (x) = sec 2x

4. f (x) = cot x,
5. f (x) = sec x,
6. f (x) = cosec x,

f (x) = cosec 2x
f (x) = sec x tan x
f (x) = cosec 2x

3.1.2
3.1 u v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.3

d(u v)
= du + dv
dx
dx
dx
d(u v)
= du dv
dx
dx
dx
d(u v)
dv
= u + v du
dx
dx
dx
u
du
dv
d
v
u
v =
dx
dx
dx
v2
d (cu )
= cdu , c
dx
dx
dy
dx

sin x
3x

1. y = 3x4 + 2x3 6x + 5
dy
dx

y = f (x)

1. y = 3x4 + 2x3 6x +5
3. y =

= 12x 3 + 6x2 6

2. y = x 2e x

23
2. y = x 2e x
dy
dx

= x 2 e x + e x(2x)

3 y=
dy
dx

sin x
3x

3 x cos x sin x3 x ln 3

cos x sin x ln 3

(3 x ) 2

3x

3.4 f f

3.5 f [a, b] f
(a, b) lim f (a h) f (a) ( a) lim f (b h) f (b) (
h 0

h 0

b)
3.4 f (x) =

, x [0, ) f [0, )

x (0, )
f (x) =
=
=
=

xh x
h
xhx

lim

h 0

lim

h 0

h( x h x )
1

lim

h 0

xh x

1
2 x

f (0, )
x = 0 ( x = 0)
f (x) =
=

lim

h 0

lim

h 0

0h 0
h
1
h

lim

h 0

h
h

f x = 0
f [0, ) f x = 0

24
3.1.3 (Chain Rule)
3.2 f (u) u = g(x) g(x) x
(Composite Function) (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) x
(fog)(x) = f (g(x)).g (x)
y = f (u) u = g(x) dy = dy . du
dx

3.5 y = (x2 + 3x + 5)4

du dx

dy
dx

u = x2 + 3x + 5
y = u4

dy
dx

dy du
.
du dx

= 4u3 (2x + 3)
= 4(x2 + 3x + 3)3 (2x + 3)
3.6 y = sin (3t2 + 4)
u = 3t2 + 4
y = sin (u)
dy
=
dt

dy
dt

dy du
.
du dt

= cos (u) (6t)

= 6t cos (3t2 + 4)
3.7
1. y =

dy
dx

e (x

y = f(x)
2. y = ln (sin (3x))

3)7

1. y = e (x 3)
u = (x2+ 3)7
2

y = e u
dy
dx

=
=

dy du
.
du dx
e u. du
dx

e (x

3)7

. du
dx

25
v = x2 + 3
u = v7
du
dx

du dv
.
dv dx

= 7v6(2x)
= 7(x2+ 3)6(2x)

dy
dx

e (x

3)7

(14 x) (x2+ 3)6

= 14 x (x2+ 3)6 e (x 2 3)7

dy
dx

y =

e (x

3)7

e (x

3)7

e (x

3)7

7(x2+ 3)6

e (x

3)7

7(x2+ 3) 6(2x)

dy
dx

d ( x 2 3) 7
dx
d ( x 2 3)
dx

= 14 x (x2+ 3) 6 e (x 2 3)7
2. y = ln (sin (3x))
dy
= 1 d(sin 3x)
dx

=
=

sin 3x
dx
1
cos (3x) d(3x)
sin 3x
dx
cos 3x
3
sin 3x

= 3 cot (3x)
3.1.4 (Implicit Functions)
y = f (x)

dy
dx

y x
x2 + y2 = sin (y) x3 y3 = 2 x2y2 y

dy
dx

26
3.8

dy
dx

1. x2 + y2 = 9

2. x3 + y3 = 3xy

3. x3 + sin y = x2y3
1. x2 + y2 = 9
x
dy
2x + 2y dx
=0

2 x
2y

dy
dx

= xy
2. x3 + y3 = 3 xy
x
3x2 + 3y2
y2

dy
dx

dy
dx

= 3(x dy + y)

dy
dx

= y x2

dy
dx

dx

y x2
y2 x

3. x3 + sin y = x2y3
x

cos y

3x 2 + cos y

dy
dx

= x2 (3y2)

3x2y2

dy
dx

= 2 xy3 3 x2

dy
dx

dy
dx

dy
dx

2 xy 3 3x 2
cos y 3x 2 y 2

+ y3 (2x)

27
3.1.5
x = x0 3.1
y = f (x) x0
Y

f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 )
h
h 0
lim

= f (x0)

f(x)

X
x0

x0 + h

3.1 x0
3.9 y = x2 2x x = 3
y = x2 2x
dy
dx

= 2x 2

x = 3,

dy
dx

= 2 (3) 2 = 4

x = 3 4
3.10 xy = 4 (1, 4)
xy = 4
y= 4
dy
dx

x
4

x2

(1, 4) =
y = ax + b, a =

4
12

=4

28
y = 4x + b
(1, 4) 4 = 4 (1) + b b = 8
y = 4x + 8
3.11

y2 + x2 = y4 2x (2, 1)

y2 + x2 = y4 2x
2y dy + 2x = 4y3 dy 2
dx

2y dy
dx

4y

dx

3 dy

= 2 2x

dx
dy
dx

( 2, 1)

dy
dx

(1 x )
y (1 2 y 2 )

= 1

1
1

y2 + x2 = y4 2x (2, 1) 1
3.1.6
y =

dy
dx

(first-order derivative) y x

y =

d dy

dx dx

d2y
dx 2

y (second-order derivative) y x
y y =

d d 2 y
dx dx2

d3y
dx 3

(third-

order derivative)
n (nth-order derivative) y x n
n

y(n) y( ) =

d d n 1y
dx dxn 1

3.12 y = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x 5
y = 6x 2 + 6x + 4
y = 12x + 6
y = 12
y(4) = 0 y(n) = 0 n 5

dn y
dx n

29
3.2
3.2.1 (Rate of Changes)

3.6 f x a f (a) =

f (a h) f (a )
h
h 0
lim

3.13 5
.
A = r =
A = r2
dA
= 2r
dr

r = 5 .

dA
dr

= 2 (5) = 10 ./ .

5 . 10 ./ .
3.14 s () t
() s = t2 + 2t + 3 s
t=3
s = t2 + 2t + 3
ds
= 2t + 2
dt
t = 3

ds
dt

=8

s 3 8

30
3.2.2

3.2

3.2
f (x) [a, b]
x = e (Absolute maximum value)
x = b (Absolute minimum value)
x = a c, e (Relative maximum value)
x = b, d (Relative minimum value)
3.7 f D c D f (c)
1. f D f (x) f (c) x f
2. f D f (x) f (c) x f
3.8 f c f f (c)
1. c f (x) f (c) x c
2. c f (x) f (c) x c

f

31
f (c) c f (x) f (c) x
c
f (c) c f (x) f (c) x
c
3.3 f c f
f c f (x) = 0
c
f f c f
f (x) = | x 3 | , 2 x 6
4
1
3
2
6
3.3 f(x) = |x| - 3 2 x 6
f x = 2 f x = 6
f x = 3 f
3.9 c f (Critical point) f (x) = 0 f (x)
f c c f
3.15 f (x) = x3 3x2 24x + 2
f (x) = x3 3x2 24x + 2 f (x) = 3x 2 6x 24
f f
f (x) = 0 3x2 6x 24 = 0
x2 2x 8 = 0 (x 4)(x + 2) = 0 x = 4, 2
x = 4 x = 2 f (x)

32
2

3.16 f (x) = x 3
f (x) =

2
x3

f (x)

2
x
3

1
3

= 2 . 31

3
x

x f (x) x = 0 f(x)

f(x) x = 0
3.2.3
3.15 3.16 f(x)

3.4 y = f(x)

y = f(x)

y = f(x)

c
3.4

c
3.4
y = f(x)

3.4
3.4 y = f(x)

33
3.4 3.4 3.4 x = c f
1. f (x) + c f c
2. f (x) + c f c
3. f (x) c f
3.15 f (x) = x3 3x2 24x + 2
f (x) = 3x2 6x 24 = 3(x2 2x 8)
= 3(x 4) (x + 2)
f (x)

f (x)

x < 2
+

2 < x < 4

x>4
+

x = 2 f (x) +
f x = 2
x = 4 f (x) +
f x = 4
3.16 f (x) =
f (x) =

2
3

2
x3

1
3

x = 0
f (x)

f (x)

x<0
-

x>0
+

x = 0 f (x) +
f x = 0

34
3.17 f (x) = x3

f (x) = x3
f (x) = 3x2
f (x) x
f (x) = 0 3x2 = 0
x = 0
x = 0 f (x)
f (x)

f (x)

x<0
+

x>0
+

f (x) x = 0

3.2.4

3.4 f (x) f f (c) = 0

1. f (x) < 0 f c
2. f (x) > 0 f c

c

35
3.18

f (x) = x3 3x + 7

f (x) = x3 3x + 7

f (x) = 3x2 3
f (x) x
f (x) = 0 3x2 3 = 0
x2 = 1 x = 1
x = 1 f (x)
f (x) = 6x
x = 1, f (1) = 6 > 0
f x = 1
x = 1, f (1) = 6 < 0
f x = 1
3.19 f (x) = x4
f (x) = x4
f (x) = 4x3
f (x) x
f (x) = 0 4 x3 = 0 x = 0
x = 0 f (x)
f x) = 12 x2
x = 0, f 0) = 0
x = 0
f (x)

f (x)

x<0
-

x>0
+

f (x) + x = 0 f x = 0

36
3.20 f (x) = 3x4 8x3 + 2

f (x) = 3x4 8x3 + 2
f (x) = 12x3 24x2
f (x) x
f (x) = 0
12x3 24x2 = 0
12x2(x 2) = 0
x = 0, 2
f (x) = 36x2 48x
x = 0, f (0) = 0
x = 2, f (2) = 144 96 > 0
f x = 2 x = 0
f (x)

f (x)

x<0
-

0<x<2
-

x>2
+

x = 0 f (x) x = 2 f (x)
+
f x = 2 x = 0

3.2.5

37
3.21 100

= x
50 x
= 50 x
A =
x
x
A = x (50 x)
A = 50 x x2

50 x

dA
dx

dA
dx

=0

50 2x = 0, x = 25

d 2A
dx 2

= 2 < 0

x = 25

25
3.22 OB 100 .
O B 200 . B
10 . . 20 .
.
O x .
= 1002 x 2 .
A
= 200 x .
T
100
2
2
T = 10010 x + 200 x
20

dT
dx

1
20

2x
100 2 x 2

1
20

38

1
20

dT
dx

= 0
2x

100 x
2

1
20

=0

2 x = 1002 x 2
4 x2 = 1002 + x2
3 x2 = 1002
x=

100
3

= 57.735 .

T(x)

x < 100

x > 100

T(x)

x = 57.735 T
O 57.735 .

39

1.

lim
h 0

f (x h) f (x)
h

f(x)

1.1 f(x) = 4
1.2 f(x) = x3
1.3 f(x) = |x|
2. f(x) f(x)
2.1 f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 5x +4
2.2 f(x) = 3x + lnx
2.3 f(x) = sinx + cosx
3. y = f(x)
3.1 y = x2 + 2x + 5
3.2 y = (x2 + 2x + 5) 7
3.3 y = (lnx)4
3.4 y = sin(x2 + 3)
3.5 y = 3 x 2 4x
3.6 y = ln(x2 + 3)
3.7 y = exsinx
3.8 y =

x2
3x

3.9 y = e(x
4.

dy
dx

2 5)4

4.1 x2 + y2 = 9
4.2 x2 + y2 = 3x2y + 4x + 3y + 7
4.3 x2y + 4x = 3y2 + 3y + 3
4.4 y2 = 3x2 + (lnxy)4

dy
dx

40
5. x = c
5.1 y = x3 + 2x + 1
x = 2
5.2 y = (x2 + 2) 3

x = 1

5.3 x2 + y2 = 4
x = 3
5.4 xy + 4x +3y + 3 = 1 x = 1
6. x = c
6.1 y = 4 - x2
(1, 3)
6.2 xy = 1
(1, 1)
7. f(x)
7.1 f(x) = x2 2x + 5
7.2 f(x) = x4 2x + 4
7.3 f(x) = x3+x2 8x + 3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

f(x) = x 3 + 3
f(x) = |x 4|
f(x) = |x 2|,
0x 9
f(x) = x2 2x + 5, -3 x 2