339

The

Indian

Travels

of By

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

Vincent

A.

Smith.

Professor or in the of the to of the Egypt "general minute truth the critics Indian Eevivalist" before

Flinders of his

Petrie little

in

the

chapter treating in of that "we finds visit

entitled of Personal

"Apollonius Religion discussed given to a the genuine of series to the lo by test 6

book

Christianity, of to of account" which from the the separate of has the come

published account detail, He the time the been of even alleged conclusion

1909^), Apollonius according have of (A.

has

credibility" and connection

Philostratus,

here the by D. a

history

correctly of the

transmitted". sages,

"good

evidence philosopher long 300)

discredited Eusebius

extending and The of Professor

present day, the monuments attention. scholar of the

refers to and condition" challenge Petrie's concerning to

"many of India,

interesting descriptions of as deserving of serious opinion thus the the offered re-examination work of to to ancient which of submit who in it 1913 book of J. Tyana", S. Phillimore & Brothers). 22 is a the may new results be was the have would India. almost of the 86 the and by Philoi8 by a

received

reputation the

necessitates credibility of the of him of which, of the the alleged

question and, to and and be the the been more

stratus if any,

particularly, to his recorded of by the the to

concerning description by traveller, our monuments knowledge

degree visit

credence, Indian of the form I 20 existed

given details nature seen

sages country and a to most

condition if true,

have

welcome undertaken on for subject. certain simultaneous English called me

addition the

have obligatory the in

required to India, the

re-examination, preparation now of scholars interest in the of Apollonius Professor Thought year the

owing of the

edition of interested by new

Early the A

History

and

investigation

consideration of present

amount

indicated of by two

almost independent commonly by

publication translations Life namely of Living of

Philostratus and executed and Mr.

"The scholars,

competent 1) In Zeitsohrift

Harper's

Library

(Harper

der D. H. O.

Bd. 68 (1914).

330

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

ApoUonius

of

Tyana.

F.

C.

Conybeare. of Prof the subject Phillimore's which his lively slight, most work style. but

Both can

translations dispense is many version

have with preceded controverted by

many either^). an

merits, eleborate questions much on

and Introduc regarding

no

student

tion 5 the and hand, its the

, in author, in a is

of and

the

his hero, are Mr. Conybeare's value of his

discussed with Introduction, book is much

learning the other by of to

the text

enhanced not only ascribed

presentation Life by

of the Philostratus,

as well as the translation, but also of the Letters written to an man Mr. of

10 Apollonius, and of the of the fourth century drawn several the a Greek parallel than between I have that of instances

treatise in reply the found Prof is to be

by Eusebius at the essay by Hierocles, Tyana but Both 1870). and is of and version in other translators Prof. opinion Jesus to be

beginning who had Christ. closer Prof. use Phillimore tbat "the young the cases In to

Conybeare's

Phillimore, preferred. (Teubner, readings

16 Phillimore's standard has admitted text

rendering of some greatly may not good credibility value to be of his hero. feel find C.

L. variant needs

Kayser

j4pollonius scholar 20 He will is quite

new

recension". the for

Perhaps

some

disposed the work to of the

to undertake easy. Meantime, serve work to as a basis

task thus suggested. the text as it stands the and of the discussion more alleged of especially Indian the

enough

general of the travels 25 title Tyana", is more Tyana". so illustrating rather whereas a 35 of the reason Apollonius, 40 forging. genuine I the Indian

of Philostratus, his narrative

attached

Prof. of the

Phillimore work of is inaccurate. correctly The the learned life Petrie,

proves Philostratus The rendered, professor ideal already Greek

that title,

the as Ta

customary "The ig in Life tov honour the book

rendering of Apollonius Tvavia of as by man "we

of

the of

'AitolXtaviov, Apollonius a romance of

"Memoirs regards philosopher, biography noted,

of the as correctly on raised

represented of the real that holds

Apollonius, Apollonius have here ;

than Prof.

as

a matter-of-fact

history do not issue thus travels is for doubting most Mr.

transmitted". this , but occasion in a I may authenticity are of the far too same order certain remark of to to enter render amount in the passing letters on a full my of discussion criticism prefatory that I see ascribed to be worth of ex no to

propose

intelligible the of which is

planation

indispensable.

uninteresting opinion.

Conybeare

1) 1. Philostratus in Honour of Apollonius of Tyana, translated by J. S. Pbillimore, Professor of Latin in the University of Glasgow. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1913. In two volumes. 2. Philostratus, the Life of Apollonius of Tyana; the Epistles of Apollonius and the Treatise of Eusebius: with an English Translation by F. C. Conybeare, M. A., Late Fellow and Praelector of University College, Oxford. (The Loeb Classical Library) Heinemann & Macmillan, 1913. In two volumes. 2 7

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

331

Nearly from by and and "The be or place that 90, and clear 98 at at his the command is work

everything by of death

that

is

know was

about begun

Apollonius by and to relatives book. of Nerva were him was

is

derived

Philostratus, the in Empress 217. from The his found died age. passed exceeding the birth question and of

which Julia author namesakes

in A. D. 215, finished by It after family Hierocles on to 97 the lo as D. to seems A. as 5

Domna, belonged and An in the reign stories His writers 1). Prof.

Caracalla's Eusebius

a literary disquisition about current expressly it as 80, the adopts

distinguished as "the will Apollonius advanced he as Philostrati" that an

Athenian". be in

elaborate

Phillimore's

Various away. some 100 of

which age others was

biographer giving Petrie

states some highest too

uncertain,

estimate Discussion far that was from in born I Phillimore, the in about Petrie should that related Professor Philostratus being (Bk. the I, man, authorities, the

and fixes of the my my in am subject,

the sage in 4 B. C. approximately. the date of birth would lead me the was controversy about Prof. two formation as in India, D. of a also to of A. part 80 Petrie, notes of king a of by when as of with he the died,

I pass 15.

remark and Prof. namely, island from

15

opinion or about disposed in accepting

Apollonius A. D. to agree as reign 47. the cold the

with by of the

against time,

trustworthy Vardanes

earthquake A. D. A. in be by 46, D. 39 holding dated events his

accompanied and to the about that in of the

volcanic Parthia with

20

I am visit season

agreement if 4344, the life it

Professor at believing as 25 sequence. all,

occurred and of in

latter form

Apollonius

biographer

connected a that the to at

orderly pity that author beginning

Phillimore . exclaims so disdained dates!" conscious ch. 2) and detailing he of such explains declares the a in his exact defect. purpose

"What But At

the elegant was far from of nature his account or did work of his of this so

considerable times

detail "write which he

the a true said

1) "The memoirs then of Apollonius of Tyana which Damis the Assyrian composed, end with the above story; for with regard to the manner in which he died, if he did actually die, there are many stories; though Damis has repeated none. But as for myself, I ought not to omit even this, for my story should, I think , have its natural ending. Neither has Damis told us anything about the age of our horo; but there are some who say that he was eighty, others that he was over ninety, others again who say that his age far exceeded a hundred. He was fresh in all his body and upright when he died and more agreeable to look at than in his youth. For there is a certain beauty even in wrinkles, which was especially conspicuous in his case, as is clear from the likenesses of him which are preserved in the temple at Tyana, and from accounts which praise the old age of Apollonius more than was once praised the youth of Alcibiades". (Philostratus, Bk. VIII, ch: 29, in Conybeare's version.) In another passage (1, 14) Philostratus affirms that Apollonius displayed extraordinary powers of memory at the age of a hundred years. The words are "Indeed when he reached the age of a hundred (ixo!torTOi5rj)s ytv6y,evoi) he still sur passed Simonides in point of memory''. 22*

332

Smith,

The

Indian

Travel

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

or

that"

(i^ax^imaat I as am of

tov opinion the

avSqa that latter

toig

te

%qvoig,

xa'^' fulfilled

cCg his

tini promise although

ri

Tj enqa^t). fairly he 6 being of is to was well

Philostratus part when of he the his

regards

hero's

life,

apparently about say eighteen was between of and anything I the accept like

misinformed years accused A. D. 14 of of and years

represented time against In life view other of the that that

Apollonius Archelaus, the Eomans, too, is did respects, sage he

as King that the

age

at 17^).

Cappadocia,

conspiring

chronology factory, 10 to be

earlier Prof a

of

the

unsatis not live

Phillimore's years his long he of of life could the

hundred

age. was which secure Roman and the that a wanderer, were an world, Pillars he freely and did the also deeply audience. even of to Hercules. India. the with actually there in detailed is written follows : almost by him or engaged tinged He the

Apollonius in with travelled 15 extreme None Eusebius, Indian full 0 visited about narrative wholly one a who into of so was hitherto place of all editing 35 sponsible though ch. 3, in in the Damis "There at one intimacy Sage's his to of expounding Indian over west the

throughout his notions, nearly as early far Pythagorean wherever the as writers about tales Hierocles, My impression of A. season his It was time with travels discourses, this Damis to circle she It form anything as to of an

doctrines, whole

Gadeira seem A. related never is D. D.

(Cadiz) to 300, by that doubt

visited ridiculing repeated

writing traveller's

while Philostratus

belief India. the

by cold of

denies he but up based by

that really that by on without His has left to

Apollonius go alleged

4344, written to be

proceedings professes , one Damis, inhabited Apollonius, (in and

Philostratus memoirs as

fiction.

Assyrian

described

Philostratus

a man not Old Nineveh. and which his brought the he prophetic the Empress (she laid was her was on me wish ; for model he

accomplishments, studies drew a written shared), A of And these since and I should person I

account his who had a

claims originals Julia. a great the also the of

have

maxims, related

sayings.

memoirs,

undiscovered, her these for clear, Opinions majesty's studies), papers. the was differ

admirer task that

patroness and be language, re-

literary

of transcribing

expression but the a real

Ninevite's literary of art". Damis.

(Bk. I incline

I,

Phillimore's

translation.) existence

1) Bk. I, ch. 7, 12. Philostratus made the statement on the authority of Mazimus of Aegae, who held an appointment in the imperial secretariat. He does not expressly state the age of Apollonius at the time, but the context implies that it must have been about eighteen or nineteen. The full examination of the passage would carry me too far from my subject, but 1 may say that Prof. Phillimore's arguments satisfy me that the date of birth cannot be placed as early as 4 B. C. By post-dating the event about twenty years, we get rid of the improbable twenty years' stay at Antioch which Prof. Petrie is obliged to assume, and we make the sage to be about twenty-eight at the time of tbe alleged Indian travels, which is a reasonable assumption.

Smh,

The

Indian

Travels

of

ApoUonius

of

Tyana.

333

to are

the

view a

that

even

if

he

actually

existed,

his

alleged

memoirs

merely I now reference

literary proceed to the

fiction. to examine inherent summarizing the story of of alleged the the Indian narrative course of travels as it the 5

with stands, traveller's

credibility the

and begin movements.

by

Apollonius, represented Babylon named for Hindu Indus. paid provided the river. the receive Indus, of his for visit from Porus, territory the stadia they his the king the the Indian further The of his (Bk. Vardanes guest's Kush, The respect all or Satrap to as I,

accompanied having ch. or 40) stayed then journey Bardanes,

by for under who

Damis a the

and year rule

certain and of camels The party course due eight a

attendants, months Parthian and a crossed reached of Vardanes, , as or is to guide

is at king lo thethe

provided to India. and in not from of to own Indus hospitality. to Taxila, the the and

overland Indian of a the

Caucasus, Indus, of the the begged between with them fitting straight bore it. then giving The battle-field or (s'&vrf) known stream erected to the The sent

although introduction passage travellers his the

a subject that river,

letter for of also

monarch as that well

and for Ravi say, to the is

facilities progress Satrap the strangers guide king, had days, sages, chief visited the several river from the led region

Hydraotes, the After where name was of Hydraotes,

sovereign,

passing the

palace as

20

who borne and

Parthian king them as where Ravi, on

Phraotes, his visitors

grandfather three the Taxila, crossed of easternmost distant saw advance. The the clear Indian the

entertained with fresh

camels to larchas journey defeated

to

them travellers,

introduction after and to *). two passing the Hyphasis, While rovzov mark Alexander had

(? ryaka),

sage. the Hydraotes, tribes

days'

25 the

through or still

advanced the Greeks

Bias, thirty so of

(avdia by

h ani^ovreg Alexander to

zqiaKOvra) the limit

altars

travellers which shows in the plain enjoyed Parax that far description

are of

alleged those the

to down

have to the

then as the

crossed Sea Western growing those

the (Red pepper

part

of Sea), and of they S8

the and

Caucasus the

stretches

Arabian

mountains author After with hunt. , lying then at meant crossing

cinnamon Malabar came Ganges, city great fertile called to

Ghats

south. intersected a or They dragon

mountains from of an of a

a and

irrigation They the for the

channels were foot four castle told of days

the great, 10 a sages.

Paraka they

undefined through the

mountain. country,

travelled

until

approached

certain of 2 7*

1) The where 2''d

Sutlaj is now the eastern boundary of the Panjb, but the Sutlaj was eighteen hundred years ago. See Early ed., pp. 90, 91.

it is not History

India,

334

Smith,

The

Indian

2'ravels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

perched south side

on of

hill. the

A ridge.

wonderful

fire-pit

or

well

was

seen

on

the

Apollonius hospitality 5 He boor, met with When for Apollonius He the he he embarked, the sea, of , terrific plunging the came came sent the a and

stayed conversation, unnamed strong the to then Ganges to the favoured force long return,

four local prejudice visit he

months which Rja, against approached was lor right, ten and port

with was who

the

sages, in

enjoying fluent as an

their Greek. ignorant

conducted is represented anything its end with until Hyphasis passenger farewell He of the he

Hellenic. and a the guide reached on his ships to much time and the left lay larchas, struck entered saw coast the of at they that came fresh sea, hand. at

provided days the where a breeze. waters

camels. 10 keeping When anchor, and by 15 the mouth Makrn

travelled on the his

unnamed home by with a which gorges sailing, mouth Vardanes, via ship to of

camels

with the and like the

letter was Hyphasis He along , and

gentle

through Indus, to the and

precipices. Nearchus, Euphrates they to and

then the

arriving just and as from

Babylon, called had known him so port Thence they they proceeded

on King before. travelled by

whom Nineveh Cyprus,

found

Seleucia, so to

Ionia.

I how far I 85 in and may in he A. the

must it see reign of or no

now any reason of

examine part to of doubt

the it is that or history

story credible.

more

in

detail

and

discuss

Apollonius I

really (Arsakes are

visited XXI). obscure,

Babylon Details but Vardanes that I have as we

Vardanes

Bardanes unfortunately given good and A. cold Indian when as the choice India? he D.

dates accept D.

Parthian the date Prof.

commonly Petrie in fall A. shows D. 39, between the the certain observe: that in route of his for

for

the

death for visits

of

47. the , observed,

reason that 39 season journey. the and of

believing of Apollonius, 47. As D. 4344 Phillimore, relied on

ascended

throne must I

so consequently already tho having Prof. 35 with he is quarter to the most Petrie, "Is such the it equally

accept date for

A.

probable criticized goes rash an to obscure fanciful sage en

Prof. data

adversely on to

chronological

by

infer

(seil. of If a so,

Philostratus) of potantate it is no Parthian on use p.

is dealing kings, whom to appeal to

matter

chronology

historical

dates

Bardanes'

reign".

{Introd.

CXXII)i^).

1) The chronology is precise. The first visit of Apollonius to Babylon is dated two years and two months after the recovery of kingdom by Bardanes. He had been engaged in a civil war with his brother (Philostratus, Bk. 1, ch. 28). Mr. Conybeare (vol I, Index, s. v. Vardanes) says: "The exact length of his reign over Parthia is not known, probably from A. D. 4549". But Prof. Petrie shows reason for believing that his reign began earlier, in A. D. 39. 2 7*

Smh,

The

Indian

Travels

of Apollonius

of

Tyana.

335

it

That seems I

to

argument does me inadmissible. over the the the Indus, incidents the discuss I interesting the point that or The about about guide which of the of the A. will essay

not

appear

to

me

to

be

sound;

in

fact,

pass and

alleged the of by

movements frontier the of Indian Priaulx without myself to is

of India

the

travellers and In this It the of

hetween proceed part not reproach the being of more of 5

Babylon to my possible undue salient consider

Proper,

journey. helpful^). incurring examination

undertaking to prolixity, and From

everything confine passages. view of

the

historian of the is

of

India

it

is

interunder to cross

lo

esting Bardanes the that for letter of the

to

note in

jurisdiction D. 4344 from said in from

Parthian

monarchy as extending to

represented did knew not nothing, by

Indus. river, the of

sent he party

Babylon that his he

attempt but to the

arranged a cordial Satrap inde date o not 15

comfort

charge

presenting

recommendation who

Bardanes the sway We governed that in (Kandahar), the in Parthian found

addressed of know the those Phraotes, that Indian days and statement named any gives Indian the had

Indus, Parthian

acknowledged king of to and Taxila yet fact Taxila. still believe

the at the

pendent mentioned There was seem that his is king to the name

Parthian good of be ruler has any of not The Parthian concerning or in two by representing A. reason Sind

princes

borderland. Gondophares there does although or a ss in a

Arachosia in was been that name Indian accepting a

difficulty

of Philostratus Phraotes, inscription King some of Taxila genuine About Panjab during of so

coin-legend. distinctively formation generation was was the the right years Parthian The Satrap continued Christian Gujarat as

Philostratus shows affairs Parthian King that Babylon. India of their title. habitually Viceroys, Late Satraps and even that at

he his in

command. the as a Western Parthian

later the

the the

rule or of Taxila

overthrown

Indo-Scythians

Kushns.

Philostratus

(circa

D.

3947)

Bardanes

was

sovereign

empire, Parthian the the era in use we Western

including kings in the

used and the in first

the the

Persian Indo-Scythians century of

title the of ss

designation of find

foreign India,

governing the hills

the near

province Bombay.

1) The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana, and the Indian Embassies to Rome from the Reign of Augustus to the Death of Justinian, by Osmond de Beauvoir Priaulx; London, Quaritcb, 1873. Tbis work, wbicb tbe autbor issued in "a small number of copies" for bis own satisfaction, is now scarce and difficult to obtain. The section on the Indian Travels is a reprint, with variations, of 1859. The narrative to Book III, ch. 58, a paper which in the read before I am about treatise the Royal Asiatic to discuss extends Society on Feb. 19, from Book II, cb. 17,

of Philostratus.

336

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

Philostratus banks of The hippopotami 5 is the simply Nile. the

therefore Indus as are and is India fossil

, a

correctly Satrap^). said (Bk. in to other in the the

designates

the

governor

on

the

travellers {noxufiioi false , There in extinct species, over seem could is to bulls not not a

II, desire

ch. to of times.

19) That the

to

have statement the occurrence

seen Indus of that Hills, although

many to the the but it

innoi) due no

Indus.

probably

assimilate

record

hippopotamus bones the 10 once does with of to 15 had the a of existing ranged not course, Parthian, The his Indus. travellers palace. is it sacrificing

historical are is part now for horses so, but found

It the to in the The river practice,

is Siwalik Africa,

true

species which great

in

confined India. to the the

of Europe

Pleistocene king Indus. when was

period, credited A Hindu, ascribed

be

recorded and black done

have

absolutely 20) know just for the where mounds miles. in India, of next that compares that ages east

incredible. proceeded the Taxila before the , and ruins Dr. has exploration J. city Taxila to lay with undoubtedly one seat all still H. of of the the what Taxila, three where marches was most may liberal over , made so vast the a that in Phraotes beyond and the those

(ch. We

Philostratus so had cities far been of

Nineveh,

comparison days , 20 and a Hindu as

renowned be arts a called were space

advanced

university, The twelve of many visible

medicine of

studied. exceeding General 26 of occupy

extend

square

Marshall

Directorbeginning it must

Archaeology but years is short the ''). said of and to of into a the

recently is

excavation,

task

Apollonius walls (U&ov so though a of striking bronze not far

to

have

seen

there scale,

"a

temple built

outside of shell-marble

the

hundred-foot it was temple Por depicting soldiers, silver in iron" and all it

xoyj^vittttov) inadequate piece let

within peristyle

a sanctuary of those

contrived, dimensions, tablets feats and and of

which was (jc/vajceg) Porus and were bronze; Bk. II

architecture. each wall, horses, and swords,

contained the helmets, gold, (Phillimore's

Alexander; represented 36 lances, . ch. 20). The Zeuxis, artistic 40 relief-pictures javelins,

elephants, in orichalque, and

spears black trans.

author Polygnotus, quality

proceeds and of wrought the

to

compare

the

reliefs on might skilled

with the be in the

the

work

of

Euphranor, compositions,

dilating which equally

remarkable regarded arts of as the

by

man

1) The Indo-Scythians or Kushns, undoubtedly See Early History of India, chap. IX, 2>d ed. afresh in the third edition, now in the press.

superseded Parthian princes. The subject will be treated

2) See the pamphlet containing a lecture entitled "Archaeological Dis coveries at Taxila", delivered by Dr. J. H. Marshall, C. 1. E. before the PanjSb Historical Society, Sept. 4, 1913; aud Early History of India, 3'd ed., p. 61 note.

Smh,

The

Indian

Travel

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

337

designer the reliefs affirm is pure accepted The containing "dark") fcertainly dedicated may ch. for 12, Porus he years, elephant author of not 24) There

and is the

of no

the on other

worker the or authority of of it with

in shield

metal of for

(ch. Achilles the like works at the

22 end), as existence them. Taxila elaborate clearly also and

and of the While about

similar by I 320 Homer. cannot B. wonderful

to

craftsmanship thus that

descrihed

described production I of think India are of That worshipped the that luminary existed. the 360 too that some being the

anything such

C. is

incredible, fiction, as a

probable the which said to the have in

that purpose

description the desired of in the black the supposed to

invented fact.

of emphasizing author seen

Hellenization

be Sun, (or Sun lo

travellers effigies bronze. was to have

a temple of Porus because

Alexander statement in But sacred years great an writers

gold, might

be and a

true, famous The Ajax alive credulity an it ever absolute in

India, at when

ancient effigies tells which and ^). age us had kept No greater exceeds falsehood his connected

temple may (Bk. fought in that or II, is

existed elephant earlier, a strain do like cannot and convicted be reliefs. (ch. peace, to of as so the not 350

Multen. Philostratus named

about imposes allows and aged

was on ever admit years of

still our that is an

temple, authority 150 An , The matter scription It himself man the clans. and them, keep and uses It of is of

modern than 120*). in the de to

elephant

attains

anything thus elephant temples to a man blackmail predecessors is with of reported

impossibility.

undoubted

believed

of is on war,

the being

interesting paid or king them instead

note of

26) as the saying: that my

that much modern my

Phraotes, as Porus on AfrldTs "I keep is they of the

who had and them patrolled

prided been similar quiet by a

25

highlanders

border

ancestors The control and off are the

money, their that are deal with". and how Western

country

so

invading on

dominions, other side Government in it, and the but, of the

themselves

the barbarians difficult to Khyber of Rifles Philostratus to in say the

the The forces

the frontier, of India now way. of the The a fact. 35

similar looks he like

same report like reign

observation impossible

the

genuine

learned Panjb

mention

Parthian

rule

of Bardanes,

1) The remark that "the natives reckoned that 350 years had elapsed since the battle" helps to indicate the approximate date assigned by the author to the journey of Apollonius. The battle was fought in 326 B. C. so that the 350 years if taken strictly would bring us to A. D. 24. But round numbers are obviously intended, and the statement is not inconsistent with the date A. D. 4344 assigned to the journey by Prof. Petrie. 2) Balfour, Cyclop, of India; Chambers, Encycl. The writer in the latter work gives about 80 as the average age. Mr. Baker allows 150 as the maximum. A friendly critic suggests that the fiction about the age of the elephant might be due to the guardians of the temple rather than to Philostratus or his alleged authority, Damis the Assyrian.

338

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

ApoUonius

of

Tyana.

it shows that our author possessed some the political condition of the north-western A. D. 40 and A. D. 50. The 5 more reclined table birds, a diet, , curious on a description than couch of credible. , while thirty gazelles say, if it be hardly even credible. the in in our era, record*). It such is as diet other India, and The of the royal The his people, {SoquaScg) is out of notes banquet king guests the

real knowledge concerning frontier of India hetween

in his on

Book family, stools

II, we round

ch. are

28 told, a of

is

and sat

low fish, Such unbe main pork, now first

accommodating whole I need and as of probably extinct of is on lions,

provender swine, the as and common Parthian that who was case and of game

consisting tiger and , can formed also The in are said hams. wholly

10 Indian accepted portion and almost 16 century flesh

regarded

hardly a in lion, the to

Rawlinson the kinds Parthians, of

indulged meat^). common hunters Malays

butcher's

undoubtedly a modern Burmese therefore, at his that of

eating

lion's eat

tiger-flesh*). have had account 20 to is

is possible, viands served as

that a Parthian chief might table , but I suspect that the the elephant Ajax. of two days The distance country, ch. 42), done it.

imaginative Taxila, where across

After visit the about 100

leaving battlefield miles

the party Alexander the Salt Range

took a journey defeated Porus. through

difficult

so that if they rode 26 arches Porus. Such The or

the travellers hard. But battlefield gates is

did the mounted said think, unknown crossed and came his while upon advance to

journey in on camels have be the the still the (Bk. is as and of been by safely

two days (Bk. II, they could have marked statues of of condemned Indian (Ravi), distant up 43). his and the column point". by The They brother, to the set ch. by as

triumphal and fictitious. art. approached from the to of an and Cabeiri Apollo". and

{itvXaC) I should are having

surmounted may in

Alexander

These, monuments Apollonius,

history Hydraotes 30 altars II, stadia

30 the bank mark the

Hyphasis of the altars that limit

(Bias) river of by "To

Alexander account bore

given

Philostratus Father and to the there " his to Ammon the

follows: Heracles Olympus, and to

inscription: 86 to of Athena Samothrace,

Providence and

Zeus Sun also at to a

Indian was steps

Delphian dedicated,

"And inscribed

they say as follows: stayed we the limit may

brass

"Alexander 40 "The honoured altars

this be

suppose his Empire

due I fancy

to

Alexander the Indians

who dwelling

so

of

; but

the

1) Parthia (Story of the Nations, 1893), 2) Priaulx, p, 6, citing Sir C. Halet in slaying of a lion near Cambay in GujarSt 3) Balfour, Cyclop, of India.

p. 413. a letter to Forbes telling [Or. Mem. II, 182).

him

of

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

339

beyond their altars very traces of India It

the pride is

Hyphasis at Alexander's to had difficult

erected decide been a spot the exist, in Pliny but the on

the having the erected

column, gone no by stone the a has the I on altars think. the would not give Quintus gods of to those the seems it to near hills. member veracity

by further of order was of set on

way "'^). this of

of

expressing The in and conthat Service task or seems side of reach of Diodorus were simply is of left to the of the lo a 6

account. Alexander

undoubtedly massive not of them now for of been and the right in Strabo ; the they are that only now a fashion far may serving them. river, in and other were not they seven seven, may lost, more for author's has united (Bk. from force a keeps the time now Ill, its with ch. the be I

at from still

where foot and Panjb of

plentiful It is the Civil the farther

sequently

possible

himself the

searching bank have Bis floods. structures say that

placed wrongly, them

Philostratus or out the Curtius, whom the right of number and be the

placing Plutarch authors, twelve. by

position

where

they do Arrian, The any

altars

dedicated saying enumerates were statement source is much

named were deities, not based cannot

writers, twelve to is just in Philostratus

Diodorus gods.

dedicated and twelve. on authentic feel of any

Philostratus that the that from altars his some Arrian the have which of the is being the of so for Panjb the the the its sole been flows Panjb, obviously navigable sea with course bursting a sailor have ages, ss an so ss so

so

imply

While

possible derived its truth. is may Bis,

information confidence

deserving inscribed account flowed some 1, 52). and

credence. column (at'^Xri) Hyphasis the of the represents

authority a and until fictitious almost terrific through a passage who and from which independent been to that the ever in believe formerly great may the reality. Our always it

which or

of through one

the

eastern other it itself latter precipices, rivers their certain never what era, is course Hakr of the or Sutlaj

part rivers, as

He as

source, (cpoeQ&s), of sea, close

discharging in and The shifted , know Christian the the

into part and of the

passing gorges, making the shore. extensive have it is the do of an known Sutlaj not the with

region to too the

rocks, and to and but with We

navigation changes

dangerous throughout positions that reached its but of

undergone

countless several to unites river. first that it its time,

confluences

enormously Hyphasis, sea may is date, it fell as

absolutely

course there recent until Wahindah. in

have reason and into 40

century union pursued river been the

independent as the

extinct have

What the days

exact

course

Hyphasis

1) Prof. Phillimore errs in translating the plurals coiiolg and (oii,ovs as 'an altar", and his rendering of arrjXriv as 'memorial tablet" is hardly defensible. See Early Hist, of India, 3rd ed., pp. 7678, and Additions.

340

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

of did and are

Apollonius, not not is work fall there, sufficient of precipices

or into as

the the it to and

river sea never damn neared

with with were. the professes the

which terrific sea. The alleged to the

it force,

then or

united, pass of i). after the which Himalaya) to that in the that in most show a gorges and

it through the

certainly gorges precipices Hyphasis on which

The memoirs be based

description

5 alone the

of Damis,

Philostratus to crossed our Caucasus Sea. the the the canals with the Those etc., Western "pepper pepper

According the from 10 Arabian pepper, must otherwise after refer Hyphasis, the Indian (Red) cinnamon, to called traversing with of faith We ao of a dragon and assisted, (xccrc^aarai) of from 5 in the them, them". details of After a of rich the and sages the getting the are by

author the range

travellers, of mountains Kush are and alleged

passage runs to produced description south Apollonius, wide

of down the

(Hindu mountains so that Ghats coast". mountains, from of which had ch. told of are 5) the that immense full of of to the India it of

have the far

is

obvious Malabar, We are

told

emerged Ganges. suffices could not travelled to is length; them, follow and our wondrous whole The to have

plain

15 intersected acquaintance absurdity good

derived map

elementary the patent made 2). in

these a then hunt are with It of chase.

statements, person (Bk. at gravely dragons is the who Ill, which

been in India

recently treated sage "the

a ludicrous to the not have marshes a of India

description personally is wreathed are is and full free the

said

mountains

ridge

unnecessary habits

mendacious beasts

author

those

delights

safely Ill, ch. passage

away country 10). of in

from This the his which A east rich of and of

the until

dragons, they should but stories borrowed Hyphasis, abode tale,

the approached

party the have

crossed castle followed could pepper with pro now.

well-cultivated (Bk. on from and the of then account exist of of the

transit

30 immediately not refrain

Hyphasis, fantastic he and the their a fairy

the about from as in

author the books, plain it the exists

dragging dragons, his own. to the the the

mountains embellishments bably 35 chapters did The is

well-cultivated

sages nature

succeeding I need not

mostly

which

1) For full discussion of the changes in the rivers of the Panjb, see Raverty's masterly, though difficult, treatise entitled 'The Mihrn of Sind and its Tributaries" (JASB., 1892, part I). The chief results of his researches are utilized in the Early Hist, of India. 2) The introduction of the pepper mountains between the Hyphasis and the sages' castle was made plausible to a certain extent by the error of Eratosthenes and other early Greek geographers who conceived India to be in the form of a rhomboid , and were ignorant of the true configuration of the peninsular region (Strabo, XV, 8, with Mc Crindle's commentary and diagram in Ancient India as described in Classical Literature, p. 17). But the tale as told by Philostratus is absurd even when compared with Ptolemy's map (Ind. Ant., vol. XIII, 1884).

Smith,

The

Indian

Travel*

of

Apollonius

of

Tyana.

341

stop and

to examine the fire-well of

minutely. to the tne famous

The south hill-fort miles to as are not to a

description of the reads as if it were of Kngf the I basis the on be as south-east do not for right, in stayed know the and of

sages' based the that any the

hill-dwelling on indistinct Piremouth fort, other The left side fact where locality that of the 5 or

knowledge Jawlamukhi, inflammable which Kngr Bis, the times described pointed Some middle India villagers In my of talked is could and a

twenty gas have mere detail is sages, their are is

discharged. served

story. not a fanciful four who

Jawlamukhi

regarded having Brahmans, The of

romance^). months in conversations as Priaulx the i5 Indian. that in with ancient lo

Apollonius long-haired to wear however out,

represented presumably hair not long^j.

used and and,

manners Brahmans,

those

the sages themselves authors have been the first century fluently, the sages' allegation true the in Greek that close of

are more half - inclined of our king castle about era

Greek than to believe people in the diffusion Indo of which the north sages, to

- western and Greek king era Greek his school great named of possesses in the is

Greek near the is

as

Phraotes, did, the of century some of when architect Graeco at according wide the

living opinion It about legends such

Philostratus. of

fictitious. Kanishka bear words relic-tower Agesilaus. sculpture a good ,

the the

coins first

- Scythian Christian contain

so

characters, , and that that

as "Hliog at It of Peshwar, is which small and that show wholly our era, of in the Greek and'I worked from also

Kanishka, an the Institute of may examples, have language long step

building or engineer now in a Greek during that The coins trade - Buddhist

employed true the Indian

Oxford was and India from

ss

though time, facts not of

collection possibly the but tale for think by Asia not or it Greek in is told the a by that foreign Minor, at .the believe mythology

existence little earlier. mythology the

Kanishka's Those were century the bore Roman sculpture Scythian native as the it is Greek

originated

unknown

north-western Philostratus. of the artists who whole for a was Graeco

first to so

admission evidently with school by the methods evidence knowledge diffused, Indo-

acceptance legends Empire, was kings sculptors. known,

purposes

foreign

the of

- Buddhist

imported taught their that widely

to of or

ss

Looking I do

of the moment at

archaeological

language

all

1) KangrS or Nagarkot, in the PanjSb 30 5' N. lat. and 76 16' E. long. Jawlamukhi, in N. lat. 31 52' and E. long. 76 20'. See Cunningham, Arch. S. Reports, vol. V, pp.

district of KangrS, is situated in in the same district, is situated Imperial Gazetteer (1908) and 155175.

2) The shaven heads now favoured by most Hindus were not fashionable in ancient India. The Indians, we are told, ' frequently comb, but seldom cut, the hair of their head. The beard of the chin they never cut at all, but they shave off the (Curtius, VIII, 9.) hair from the rest of the face, so that it looks polished".

342

Smith,

The

Indian

Travels

of

Apollonius

of

Tyarui.

that have

conversations taken The place. geography the of the and the right. on were the Ganges sea

such

as

those

reported

by

Philostratus

could

ever

of (Book

the III, from

return ch. the his 50)

journey is as

from mythical Apollonius the of left, to likely because {i^noqia) at

the

castle and

of

the

sages 5 as as hand for his tbat

to

impossible

journey the must Hyphasis

Hyphasis. by left. to keeping That, his

is represented on is the bis absurd Hyphasis one of right to the

moving

towards

coast, on have the

Ganges course, and

been author coast

Apparently the as western the small those seen the at port, of the mouth The are less to party alleged than the the 800 talk eastern the the

intended most

indicate Broach we

10 seaports Barygaza) there ships were 16 away mythical and would as 20 not they be then do.

(Bharoch, are told that

place

of embarkation, factories lying days. is which

there

mercantile of the Tyrrhenes in tbose on traveller

and

passenger Such things sailing the

resembling to be from

anchor. as already sailing the sea

Broach the Hyphasis, of tbe could to have miles. about

Moreover, represented I have

after passing

mouth the

commented, from in ten distance Broach days could is to it of long as its be can Sind, ago the way things of delta. to travellers, instance, Sclera of as it Travels. miracles a whole. does from shared as 850 way the saying years from not The the in by the the

Indus, not done. If "the of all is story

as a traveller have reached The any mouth the the now that

travelling sensible of great the river rivers up river absurd. at head coast and sacred , and authors. mere his the to to ascription biography although Indian be of other island, is the of and

meaning Hyphasis" Mihrn and know forced Such mouth the Makrn old for

attributed refer which discharged 26 Runn to have the The Indus, so Persian with which Philostratus, S6 to That justify account 40 memoirs the that earlier the Prof. Apollonius of never only

to into Cutch.

branch of which the and region. have far from names. female etc. argues

received

waters bay

Panjb silted the is Patala at the tbe

Anyhow, gorges in said that to was the be of by Astola, rightly is not may visit to who his saw he to the to miracles crossed castle the sea hunt will taken local a

sea

through existed sage is

precipices seen away along The demon of that other the

although The some was details Gulf seem changes

Patala of to

voyage

Nearchus

haunted is Petrie the

called

enough be professor's India was

to readily

discredit admitted, in professes belief

proposition the of of learned the Damis, of

derived actually

supposed When Ajax sages, gorges forth, our pepper

have

adventures he , actually that

master. the elephant the

Damis which

is represented bad he and no fought on beheld precipices credit. the

mountains that

Hyphasis its in

of the through and save so

Hyphasis , that about he the stories

45 forcing joined ascription

way a of

dragon

generalities

author's

The

Smh,

Tlie

Indian

Travels

of

ApoUonius

of

Tyana.

343

alluded in are other which I story of the the

to,

and

many false. such as

other That the unable Travels

incidents of Damis, so, being description might to share

represented the it of Prof. "many of the most they in almost be of is the companion

as

having of to reliefs belief

occurred Apollonius, believe at Taxila, 5 the that in

personal details, taken am, of Those the by

experience

manifestly

impossible metal be Petrie's interesting country" (p. and The in the to under Satrap

themselves

conceivably

regarded

as credible.

therefore, Indian descriptions true, but, and of the

contains be

descriptions 160). valuable false exception to are the of 15 Indus rule references Babylon XXI), the of the and if in 10

monuments

and

conditions would unfortunately,

interesting are all. found Apollonius I as (Arsakes being the

they most to the

were respects,

demonstrably chief

highly

suspect is visits of king,

falsity

account The

to

Parthian rightly Western an was

sovereignty. placed Panjb in the is Parthian

reign rightly

Bardanes to whom

described

independent subordinate. The account, could is of era. including that great a life

no have fairy India As some mart

doubt, been tale in Priaulx genuine for India (p. the

is taken and

true from cannot middle

to

life books. be of

in

certain The

small story as an stories for century ,

details, regarded authority of the about collected Indian 25 20

but as for a

those whole the

treated the long could and first ago be

Christian India, at merchants The I take with time But at more I the of

pointed particulars,

out

"easily resort

commodities 62). sufficiently Indian all with in Travels, writers the on

Alexandria"

foregoing credibility of opinion Eusebius to I less The over B.C., have fully belief 100 is at put

observations of the almost now, record with essay. Apollonius, of time A. D. his was , the with Bardanes A. D. cold absolute of of In Damis, the any Indian case, 39 age, In of 15.

state in the

the general subject of

view from Prof.

which the

of the

agreement Petrie. so

until on arrived in that years erroneous. the about accept this

exception formal to the way

desire

a more regard

the

conclusions discussed

which or 1.

questions

who and all his that death,

died he

in had he

A.D. been was birth his

97 born not

or in may

98, or 35 be

was about more dated

then 4

probability and

much

than 80 somewhere 2. 3. We That from assigned be 4. The his fixed may

journey begun I to season

to and (Arsakes about of

Babylon ended XXI) 47. A. D. The

and during , who

India the was but

as

a fact. of the is date 40

journey king about to

reign on the journey

the throne best cannot

Parthian

Indian

4344,

precision. on which Travels they are Philostratus , probably utterly professes were merely to 45

memoirs narrative fiction.

found a

literary

untrustworthy.

344

Smh,

The

Indian

Travels

of

ApoUonius

of

Tyana.

5. preserved. strably impossible, s particular, king Panjab probability Taxila 10 Brahman 6. the

No false

genuine The in and except residing being the story most it

detailed ascrihed important is that at then not it

account by matters to correctly and an works be

of

the where

travels to honest on the in name describes Parthian described The with

in Damis

the is

east

was was

Philostratus

demon

mistake any of the the ruler. as existing of facts. diffusion important

depended records rightly

Parthian Western In all at the in and

then as

Babylon, under

independent of at art imaginary. variance

elaborate places is fictitious of knowledge are

and The

other sages

purely and Philostratus of

account the

known

statements of are the

concerning language,

Panjb

Greek

literature,

mythology,

grossly

exaggerated.

345

Kollektaneen

zum

Kautiliya Von

Arthasstra,

Jnllns 1. nter Zeitschrift Handschrift aeteilt und diesem 501544 des die 13. darin Snq's Titel Buch hat

Jelly. ber die Mller Auszge mit deutscher von auf Kapitels Gifte. im aus 34. einer Bande dieser

August

ausfhrliche Jahrhunderts enthaltenen, soweit der eines Benutzung darauf sie

arabischen mitInder" Quelle ber s

bersetzung Snq eine des indischen dem

angeblich berhaupt eines basierenden

herrhrenden zurckgehen Vergiftungen ,

Angaben, aus oder

indische Susruta

Giftbuches

abgeleitet. Zur den Verfassernamen an die Stelle die

Irrefhrung Suruta gesetzt, in Rede bekannt Mller als dessen sonst auf

des Lesers unterdrckt ihm

habe der arabische Autor und den des nq-Cnakya entweder als Vorsicht von der Verfasser eines lo

welcher dem sein

Regentenspiegels, mischereien geschichte Als war nicht Giftbuches hnlichkeiten zeigen, sorgfltige keine genauen textes nq 34, Snq gewesen o Zeitalters Buch 503ff. sich einteilen Zeitschrift 2 t grere des denen das

u. a. auch von der mochte, oder aber konnte". Untersuchungen bekanntlich wohl die

gegen Gift Giftmdchen

her August K. A.,

sein seine

verffentlichte Cnakya Angaben des Da gilt,

(1880), noch i5

Verfasser htte das K. er A. die fr A. Mllers sein

zugnglich, direkt

arabischen hier groe

zurckgefhrt. nachstehenden

bestehen, ich

sollen freilich

Zusammenstellungen Text legen die nur kann, Benutzung anstatt des die was der sicher aber un 20

den wird von

arabischen zugrunde , als

bersetzung Fehlerquelle

lateinischen Suruta Inder' (vgl. Inder den weise ; , bei

bersetzung bei A. Mller. nach 477 f.). Leuten er hat A. Mller. Es ist

Hessler

Sanskrit

der 503 der

Kautiliya Vgl. den

Arthasstra Schlu

(CSnakya). des K. A. 25

hervorragend seines dieses

verfat. Die Schdigungen in zwei der D. M. G. lassen 236, krntam 1. astrena tatraiva rasena ghtayet 23 v vi30

Abteilungen; Bd. 68 (1914).

| . . .