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Animal Form & Function (Chapt. 40)

Physical laws constrain animal form. Body plans and exchange with the environment
must have enough surface area in contact with an aqueous medium

Body plans and the External Environment

cells in direct contact with aqueous environment Most complex animals have a smaller surface/ volume.
Environmental exchange surfaces internal, protected from desiccation Cells are bathed w/ internal fluid

Advantages?

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Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

Pp. 855-860 Table 40.1, Fig. 40.5-.6

Regulating the internal environment

Regulator vs. Conformer

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Regulating the Internal Environment

Homeostasis
Dynamic state of equilibrium in which conditions remain relatively stable.
e.g. Humans

Regulating the Internal Environment

Negative feedback
set point, stimulus, sensor, response

Response: Heater turned off Room temperature decreases

Fig. 40-8

Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too hot Set point: 20C Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too cold Response: Heater turned on

e.g.:
regulation of blood calcium levels, temperature regulation, blood glucose levels

Room temperature increases

Positive feedback Acclimatization vs. Adaptation

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Thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain an internal temp. w/in tolerable range. e.g. 10C drop in temp. = 2-3 fold decrease

Thermoregulation
Thermal Balance Physiologically, animals divided into 3 groups.
1. Homeotherms (homeo = the same) Ex. Birds, mammals 2. Poikilotherms (poikilos = manifold or variegated) - use sources of heat energy such as solar radiation and re-radiation. Ex. Inverts, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles

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Thermoregulation
Thermal Balance (cont.)
3. Heterotherms (hetero = different) - depends on environmental situations and environmental needs Ex. Bats, bees, hummingbirds

Thermoregulation
Poikilotherms
- vant Hoffs rule - for every 10C rise in temperature, oxygen consumption rates and, therefore, metabolic rates double.
Fig. 40-10 Radiation Evaporation

Convection

Conduction

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Fig. 40-21

Thermoregulation

Metabolic rate (kcal per day)

200 100 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15

Actual metabolism

Additional metabolism that would be necessary to stay active in winter

Arousals Body temperature

Heat loss/gain
Insulation Circulatory adaptations Evaporative heat loss fever Met. heat product. Behavioral responses

Temperature (C)

Outside temperature June August October

Burrow temperature December February April

Thermoregulation
Poikilotherms (cont.)
1. Behavioral - torpor - hibernation - ATR: - 4-5C for lizards; 10C for amphibians 2. Anaerobic processes - limits bursts of activity to a few minutes (physical exhaustion 3-5 minutes)

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Thermoregulation
Poikilotherms (cont.) - can reduce metabolic activity during periods of temperature extremes and of food and water shortage.

Bioenergetics
Study of the dynamic balance b/w energy intake and loss in an organism. By measuring the rate of energy use, physiologists can determine:
How much food energy an animal needs to live. Energy costs for specific activities.

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Bioenergetics
Metabolic rate = total amount of energy used/unit time (kcal).
Can be determined by:
Measuring amount of oxygen consumption for respiration Measuring amount of heat loss/unit time

BMR vs. SMR

Human --- 1,600 1,800 kcal/day Alligator --- 60 kcal/day

Thermal Balance
Homeotherms
- BMR is proportional to body mass0.75. - An animal loses heat to the environment proportion to S.A. exposed relative to volume of body mass.

5 gram limit (2 grams white-toothed shrew, Kittis hog-nosed bat)