Training Course-Day-2

Water Surface Profile Modeling Using HEC-RAS

Aug-2009 University of Engineering and Technology LAHORE

Course Contents
DAY-2 Modeling a Bridge Modeling a Culvert Modeling Multiple Openings

Practice session / Discussions

Modeling an Inline structure (Weir, Dam etc.) Modeling Storage Area Modeling Bridge Scour Modeling Channel Modifications Understanding of notes/warnings and errors Understanding Model Stability Trouble shooting

Practice session / Discussions

Explanation-Ineffective flow area

The areas of the cross section that will contain water that is not actively being conveyed (ineffective flow). Ineffective flow areas are often used to describe portions of a cross section in which water will pond, but the velocity of that water, in the downstream direction, is close to or equal to zero. This water is included in the storage calculations and other wetted cross section parameters, but it is not included as part of the active flow area. When using ineffective flow areas, no additional wetted perimeter is added to the active flow area

Bridge Modeling -Geometry

Roadway

Deck

Upstream Embankment Side Slope Low Chord

Pier

Downstream Embankment Side Slope

Bridge Modeling -Geometry

Bridge Modeling Flow Types

Low Flow The flow through the bridge opening is open channel flow Water surface is not touching the low chord High Flow 1. Pressure flow Water surface is touching the low chord (Sluice Flow) 2. Weir Flow Water overtops the bridge Bridge deck acts like a Weir

Bridge Modeling
Energy accounts for friction losses and geometry changes through bridge, as well as losses due to flow transition & turbulence. (do not account for pier drag) Momentum accounts for friction losses and geometry changes through bridge. (requires pier drag coefficient Cd) FHWA WSPRO Federal Highways Administration method of analyzing bridge. Uses energy equation as well as some empirical attributes. Developed for bridges that constrict wide floodplains with heavily vegetated overbank areas. Yarnell - Empirical formula developed to model effects of bridge piers. Based on 2600 lab experiments on different pier shapes
(Yarnells Pier Coefficient, K )

Bridge Modeling

Low Flow Bridge Modeling

3 Types of Flow
Class A Low Flow - Subcritical Flow
Energy, Momentum, Yarnell, and WSPRO

Class B Low Flow - Flow passes through critical depth

Energy and Momentum

Class C Low Flow - Supercritical Flow

Energy and Momentum

Bridge Modeling-High Flows

Pressure (Sluice) flow
1

Z + 3V 32 Q = C d A bu Y 3 2 2g

Pressure (Orifice) flow

Q = C A 2gH

Bridge Modeling-High Flows

Pressure & Weir flow

Q = CLH

For high tail water elevations the program will automatically reduce the amount of weir flow to account for submergence on weirs elevations

Locating Cross-Sections Near Bridges

Fully Effective Flow

Contraction

Thru Bridge

Expansion

Fully Expanded Flow

Locating Cross-Sections Near Bridges

Lc Le

Fully Effective Flow

Fully Expanded Flow

Lc and Le can be determined by field investigation during high flow or can be computed.

Locating Cross-Sections Near Bridges

4 3 2 1

Contraction and Expansion Ratios

Bridge Modeling Expansion Ranges

Contraction and Expansion Ratios

Contraction Expansion No Transition 0 0 Gradual Transition 0.1 0.3 Typical Bridge Transition 0.3 0.5 Abrupt Transition 0.6 0.8

Contraction and Expansion Ratios

Expansion Cross-Section 4 (furthest US) Cross-Section 3 Cross-Section 2 Cross-Section 1(furthest DS) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 Contraction 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1

Use Cc = 0.4 Use Ce = 0.5

0.3 0.5

0.3 0.5

0.1 0.3

Ineffective flow areas

4 3 2 1

Bridge Data Sheet

Created by Clyde Giaquinto NRCS-NY

Bridge Modeling -Geometry

Bridge Modeling -Geometry

Practice Session
Bridge Modeling

Culvert Modeling
A culvert is a relatively short length of closed conduit, which connects two open channel segments or bodies of water In HEC-RAS, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 1985) standard equations are used for culvert hydraulics The definition of culvert geometry is similar to bridge geometry The layout of cross sections, the use of the ineffective areas, the selection of loss coefficients, and most other aspects of bridge analysis apply to culverts as well

Culvert Hydraulics
Depending upon upstream or downstream control, supercritical and mixed flow regimes are calculated If the control is at downstream side subcritical flow would pass through the culvert from downstream to upstream When the culvert is at steep slopes, super critical computations are carried out A hydraulic jump will occur at a location where the specific force of the subcritical flow is larger than specific force of supercritical flow

Culvert Hydraulics

Culvert Hydraulics

Culvert Hydraulics

Culvert data input is almost same as that for bridge input with some minor specific inputs

Modeling Multiple Openings

Modeling Inline Structures

Modeling Storage Areas

Modeling Bridge Scour

Total Scour = sum of

1) Long term Aggradation/degradation 2) General Scour 3) Local Scour

Clear Water Scour

Clear-water scour occurs when there is no movement of the bed material in the flow upstream of the crossing

or
the bed material being transported in the upstream reach is transported in suspension through the scour hole at the pier or abutment at less than the capacity of the flow

Live Bed Scour

Occurs when there is transport of bed material from the upstream reach into the crossing. Live-bed local scour is cyclic in nature; that is, the scour hole that develops during the rising stage of a flood refills during the falling stage.

Channel Modification Analysis

Trouble Shooting Model

Trouble Shooting Model

Following factors will affect the stability and numerical accuracy of the model
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cross section spacing. Computation time step. Theta weighting factor for numerical solution. Solution iterations. Solution tolerances. Weir and spillway stability factors. Weir and spillway submergence factors.

Theta weighing factors

Theta is a weighting applied to the finite difference approximations when solving the unsteady flow equations. Theoretically Theta can vary from 0.5 to 1.0. A practical limit is from 0.6 to 1.0 Theta of 1.0 provides the most stability. Theta of 0.6 provides the most accuracy. The default in HEC-RAS is 1.0. Once you have your model developed, reduce theta towards 0.6, as long as the model stays stable.

Iterations
At each time step derivatives are estimated and the equations are solved. All of the computation nodes are then checked for numerical error. If the error is greater than the allowable tolerances, the program will iterate. The default number of iterations in HEC-RAS is set to 20. Iteration will generally improve the solution. This is especially true when your model has lateral weirs and storage areas.

Tolerance
Two solution tolerances can be set or changed by the user: water surface calculation (0.02 default) and Storage area elevation (0.10 default). The default values should be good for most river systems. Only change them if you are sure! Making the tolerances larger can reduce the stability of the solution. Making them smaller can cause the program to go to the maximum number of iterations every time.

Weir and Spillway Stability Factors

The weir and spillway stability factors can range from 1.0 to 3.0. The default value of 1.0 As you increase the factor you get greater dampening of the flows (which will provide for greater stability), but less accuracy.

Submergence Factors
Can vary from 1.0 to 3.0.

A factor of 1.0 leaves the submergence criteria in its original form.

Using a factor greater than 1.0 causes the program to use larger submergence factors earlier, and makes the submergence curve less steep at high degrees of submergence.

Last Note

Practice Practice and Practice

Thank You All !

For Future Reference Please use following contact Information .

www.bossintl.com
Ali Iqbal
ali@relevancepoint.com 0302-8551238

Yasir Abbas
engryasir@brain.com.pk 0333-4349247