Ton t Laplace

Ton t Laplace
Trong ton hc v vt l, ton t Laplace hay Laplacian, k hiu l hoc c t tn theo Pierre-Simon de Laplace, l mt ton t vi phn, dc bit trong cc ton t elliptic, vi nhiu p dng. Trong vt l, n c s dng trong m t ca qu trnh truyn sng, qu trnh truyn nhit v to nn phng trnh Helmholtz. N cng c vai tr quan trng trong tnh in v c hc cht lu, thnh phn chnh trong phng trnh Laplace v phng trnh Poisson. Trong c hc lng t, n i din cho ng nng trong phng trnh Schrdinger. Trong ton hc, hm s no m bng khng di ton t Laplace c gi l hm iu ha; ton t Laplace trung tm ca l thuyt Hodge v trong cc kt qu ca de Rham cohomology.

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Ton t Laplace l ton t vi phn bc 2 trong khng gian Euclid n-chiu, nh ngha nh l div ( ( ). Do nu f l mt hm s thc c o hm bc 2, th Laplacian ca f c nh ngha bi (1) Ni mt cch tng ng, Laplacian ca f l tng ca cc o hm ring bc 2 thun ty trong ta cc (2) : ) ca gradient

Biu din trong cc ta khc nhau

Trong hai chiu
Ton t Laplace trong khng gian hai chiu c vit nh l

vi x v y l ta Cartesian trong mt phng xy. Trong ta cc,

Trong ba chiu
Trong khng gian 3 chiu, ngi ta thng vit ton t Laplace s dng nhiu h ta khc nhau. Trong ta Cartesian,

Trong ta tr,

Trong ta cu:

Ton t Laplace

l gc o t cc Bc v .

l kinh ).Biu thc

c th c thay bng biu din tng

ng

Khng gian N chiu

Trongta cu trong chiu, vi cch t tham s vi v ,

l ton t LaplaceBeltrami trn mt cu trong khng gian mt cch tng ng nh l

(cn gi l Laplacian cu). Ngi ta

cng c th vit

Cc hng ng thc
Nu f v g l hai hm s, th Laplacian ca tch fg s l

Trong trng hp c bit khi f l mt hm ph thuc vo bn knh

v g l mt hm cu iu ha, l mt vect theo hng bn

. Ta thng gp trng hp c bit ny trong nhiu m hnh vt l. Gradient ca

knh v gradient ca mt hm ch ph thuc vo gc l tip tuyn vi vct bn knh, do Thm na, hm cu iu ha c tnh cht c bit l eigenfunction ca ton t Laplacian trong ta cu.

Do ,

Tham kho
Feynman, R, Leighton, R, and Sands, M (1970). "Chapter 12: Electrostatic Analogs". The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Volume 2. Addison-Wesley-Longman. Gilbarg, D and Trudinger, N (2001). Elliptic partial differential equations of second order. Springer. ISBN978-3540411604. Schey, H. M. (1996). Div, grad, curl, and all that. W W Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393969979.

Lin kt ngoi
Weisstein, Eric W., "Laplacian [1]" t MathWorld. Derivation of the Laplacian in Spherical coordinates [2] by Swapnil Sunil Jain

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[1] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ Laplacian. html [2] http:/ / planetmath. org/ ?method=l2h& from=objects& id=9376& op=getobj

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
Ton t Laplace Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=6764672 Ngi ng gp: Doanmanhtung.sc, Meotrangden, QT, Tranletuhan, Volga, 3 sa i v danh

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