Question NO.1Thermodynamics system: A thermodynamic system often called a Physical system that is studied using the principles of thermodynamics.

A thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity, around which we can draw a boundary, the boundaries may be fixed or moveable. Work or heat can be transferred across the system boundary. All space in the universe outside the thermodynamic system is known as the surroundings, the environment, or a reservoir. A system is separated from its surroundings by a boundary which may be notional or real, but which by convention delimits a finite volume Isolated systems: are completely isolated in every way from their environment. They do not exchange heat, work or matter with their environment. An example of an isolated system would be an insulated rigid container, such as an insulated gas cylinder. Closed systems: are able to exchange energy (heat and work) but not matter with their environment. A greenhouse is an example of a closed system exchanging heat but not work with its environment. Whether a system exchanges heat, work or both is usually thought of as a property of its boundary. Open systems: exchanging energy (heat and work) and matter with their environment. A boundary allowing matter exchange is called permeable. The ocean would be an example of an open system. Non-equilibrium process The process that is not in thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, radiative equilibrium, and chemical equilibrium is called non-equilibrium process Quasistatic process is a thermodynamic process that happens infinitely slowly. A quasistatic process ensures that the system will go through a sequence of states that are infinitesimally close to equilibrium (so the system remains in quasistatic equilibrium, in which case the process is typically reversible) Yes, quasistatic process is a reversible process. Question NO.2-

Fuel A term fuel is used for the material that is consumed to produce energy, especially: a. A material such as wood, coal, gas, or oil burned to produce heat or power. b. Fissionable material used in a nuclear reactor. c. Nutritive material metabolized by a living organism; food. Constituents
Most fuels are molecular chains of carbon and hydrogen in different amounts. The exact make ups for different fuels vary to some extent but the basic arrangement is carbon and hydrogen molecules.

Question NO.31) Do the ultimate analysis of coal 2) Then determined the amounts of all combustible components in given amount of coals 3) Then by their respective sticometric chemical equations for combustions, calculate their sticometric amounts; that is the minimum amount of oxygen required for complete combustion of coal.

Question NO.4-

Steam boiler A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water.A boiler incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat. The generated heat is transferred to water to make steam, the process of boiling. This produces steam at a rate which can vary according to the pressure above the boiling water. How steam boilers are classified Boilers therefore can be classified based on firing type, fuel used, construction type, circulation type, firing system design nature, and nature of steam application

Fire tube boilers have almost become extinct; however this can be classified as

Locomotive boilers, which ruled rail transportation before diesel and electric engine came. Industrial boilers, mainly used for green projects where initial steam is required Domestic use boilers

Water tube boilers took over when size and capacity increased. This can be classified depending on type of circulation used to generate steam as

Natural circulation boiler Forced circulation boilers Super critical pressure boilers or zero circulation boilers

Depending on type of firing adopted in boilers they can be classified as

Stoker fired Pulverized coal fired Down shot fired Fluidized bed boilers Cyclone fired Chemical recovery boilers Incinerators

Fluidized boilers are also going through fast development and can be now sub classified as

Bubbling fluidized bed boilers Pressurized fluidized bed boilers Circulating fluidized bed boilers.

The higher capacity boilers are mainly circulating fluidized bed boilers due inherent limitations in bubbling bed boilers. Boilers can be classified based on the type of fuel used as

Coal fired boilers Oil fired boilers Gas fired boilers Multi-fuel fired Industrial waste fired boilers Biomass fired boilers

Various types of arrangement are used by designers in designing the boiler for meeting the end requirement. Hence boilers are classified based on the arrangement as

Top supported boilers Bottom supported Package boilers Field erected boilers Drum type boilers o Single drum o Bi drum o Three drums, but these are presently out of use Tower type or single pass Close coupled Two pass boilers

Question NO.5The mass of water that can be evaporated per hour under given set of conditions of boiler is called evaporative capacity of boiler. It is measured in the pounds or kilograms per hours.

Question NO.7-

1) 2) 3) 4)

Cylinder arrangement Single cylinder Tandem Cross Duplex Opposed Longitudinal axis Vertical Inclined Horizontal Rotative speed High speed Medium speed Low speed Ratio of stroke to diameter Short stroke Long stroke

Question NO.8As steam expands in a high pressure engine its temperature drops because no heat is added to the system; this is known as adiabatic expansion and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at low temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke which is a source of inefficiency.

A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine.
Question NO.9The efficiency of an engine is the ratio of energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces to the energy input to the engine by the burning fuel.

Question NO.10The function of the condenser is to condense exhaust steam from the steam turbine by rejecting the heat of vaporization to the cooling water passing through the condenser. The temperature of the condensate determines the pressure in the steam/condensate side of the condenser. This pressure is called the turbine backpressure and is usually a vacuum. Decreasing the condensate temperature will result in a lowering of the turbine backpressure. Within limits, decreasing the turbine backpressure will increase the thermal efficiency of the turbine The condensate is collected in the condenser hot well, from which the condensate pumps take their suction;. Provide a low-pressure collection point for condensate drains from other systems in the plant. The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes. Question NO.11Classifications of steam turbines: According to Principle: 1. Impulse Type 2. Reaction Type. According to Application: 1. Condensing 2. Non-condensing

Question NO.12-

Reaction turbine in which the working fluid is accelerated by expansion in both the static nozzles and the rotor blades. Torque is produced by the momentum changes in the rotor and by reaction from fluid accelerating out of the rotor Impulse turbine turbine in which the expansion of the fluid, often steam, is completed in a static nozzle, the torque being produced by the change in momentum of the fluid impinging on curved rotor blades

Question NO.15Internal combustion engine can be classified on the type of ignition, Engine cycle, valve location, Basic design, position and number of cylinders of reciprocating engines, air intake process, method of fuel input for spark ignition, method of fuel input for compression ignition, fuel used, applications and the types of cooling in internal combustion engine.