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Impact Test
Impact Test
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Date of submission:29/03/2012
Table of content
Topics
page no.
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Procedure _____________________________________ Calculations_____________________________________ Result_____________________________________ Observations_____________________________________ Conclusion_____________________________________ General Precautions___________________________________ Safety precautions___________________________________ Feedback - Suggestions for improvement __________________
Abstract:
Impact Tests
Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied force. The test measures the impact energy, or the energy absorbed prior to fracture. The most common methods of measuring impact energy are the: Charpy Test Izod Test
Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the energy needed to fracture a material to measure the toughness of the material and the yield strength. to study the strain rate and analyzed for its effect on fracture. to determine the ductility of a material. the determination of notched bar impact work the Determination of notched bar impact strength Evaluation of fracture surface characteristics
Theory:
Ductile materials
Impact Energy
Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen.When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy until it yields. At this point, the specimen will begin to undergo plastic deformation at the notch. The test specimen continues to absorb energy and work hardens at the plastic zone at the notch. When the specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.
Notches
The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more sensitive towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very important.
Methodology:
Apparatus:
Impact tester Test specimen tray Specimen
At the point of impact, the striker has a known amount of kinetic energy. The impact energy is calculated based on the height to which the striker would have risen, if no test specimen was in place, and this compared to the height to which the striker actually rises.Tough materials absorb a lot of energy, whilst brittle materials tend to absorb very little energy prior to fracture.
Procedure:
Adjust the zero point. Raise the pendulum to a specific height and lock it.so that it makes an angle a1with horizontal. Fit the notch specimen. Release the pendulum by pressing the lever. The pendulum breaks the specimen into two halves. The pendulum then swings up to a maximum height making angle a2with vertical. The scale shows the amount of energy (joules) of the impact.
Calculations:
Force=F= 20.5 N Length=L=38.5 cm Fracture Area=A= 18 Potential Energy of the system when released=K K=FL(1+sin(-90)) Potential Energy after impact=T T=FL(1-cos()) Energy consumed for fracture=E=K-T
Impact strength=E/A
Readings:
Specimen
K(J)
T(J)
E (J)
E (J)
Fracture Area
theoretical practical Mild Steel 1610 1120 15.00 10.8 4.50 4.20
)
18
Observations
From the results it is clear that the specimen fracture differently. The mild steel fracture but did not break completely and some part of the steel still attached therefore it behaves in the ductile manner. Moreover not observing the precautions of the experiment can cause serious injury.
Conclusion:
From the experiment we concluded that the mild steel undergoes ductile fracture. Greater energy is absorbed by mild steel which shows that it is more suitable to be use in the structural construction that expose to high load ie it has greater value of stiffness.
Result:
At low temperatures some metals that would be ductile at room temperature become brittle. This is known as a ductile to brittle transition. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is strongly dependant on the composition of the metal. Steel is the most commonly used metal that shows this behaviour.For some steels the transition temperature can be around 0C, and in winter the temperature in
Sources of error :
Imbalanced Machine andVibrations caused by motion Air resistance Machine resistance
Precautions:
Check two or more person that specimen is kept correctly. Keep away all the persons so that the pendulum doesnt hit them while working. Note the reading when the hammer is not moving. Proper knowledge should be learned before handling the apparatus