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DCV - Design Notes
DCV - Design Notes
n Applications
VAV Terminal: In this application, an air measuring control damper provides the air supply at a constant temperature while individual zone thermostats vary the flow of air to each space maintaining the desired zone temperature. The specific amount of air volume required to maintain a particular zone temperature set-point is dictated by the size of the space and the internal and External heat loads. Exhaust Air: In this application an air measuring control damper is used to measure and control outdoor air intake while a second air measuring control damper is used to measure and control the exhaust flow. The set point for the exhaust air damper would track the flow of the outdoor air damper (minus a differential if positive building pressure is desired.) Mixed Air: In this application, an air measuring control damper is used to measure and control outdoor air intake while a second air measuring control damper is used to control the mixed air temperature. Normally an averaging sensor is required for mixed-air temperature control because the large temperature differences between return air and outdoor air cause stratification. The mixed air temperature is calculated from the flows and temperatures measured by each damper eliminating the measurement problem caused by stratification. Outdoor Air: In this application, an air measuring control damper provides outdoor air control based on a demand signal. The demand signal could be determined by a set schedule or by occupancy sensors. Examples of demand signals are carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, a binary signal from a motion detector, or a manual switch.
CO2
Alternate Sensor Location
Return Air
Outside Air
Mixed Air
The proportional control approach thats described in the ASHRAE 62.12007 users manual discusses a method for implementing CO2-based DCV in a single-zone system. implementing CO2-based DCV in a single-zone system. A paraphrase of that method follows: 1) Find the required intake flow of outdoor air for the design zone population, Pz.
V ot-design = V ot =
Vo =
N Cs - Co
Vo = outdoor airflow rate, cfm/person N =CO2 generation rate, cfm/person Cs =CO2 concentration in the space, ppm Co =CO2 concentration in the outdoor air, ppm
2) Find the required intake flow of outdoor air when the zone is unoccupied, that is, Pz = 0. 3) Find the target indoor CO2 concentration at Vot-design.
V s-design = Co =
N (V ot-design /P z-design )
Implementing CO2-based DCV is a matter of estimating the CO2 generation rate of the occupants (N), measuring the concentration difference in the space versus outdoors (Cs Co), and then using this difference to determine the rate at which ventilation air (Vo), on a per-person basis, is delivered to the space. In most locations, the outdoor concentration (Co) of carbon dioxide seldom varies by more than 100 ppm from the nominal value. Because of this and in lieu of installing an outdoor CO2 sensor, most designers use either a one-time reading of the outdoor CO2 concentration at the building site or a conservative value from historical readings. This simplifies control, lowers the installed cost, and usually increases accuracy because it avoids the potential inaccuracy of an outdoor sensor.
4) Set the target indoor CO2 concentration at Vot-min equal to the outdoor CO2 concentration, Co. When the indoor CO2 concentration equals Cs-design, Vot should equal Vot-design. When the concentration of CO2 indoors equals Cs-min, Vot should equal Vot-min. When the indoor CO2 concentration is between Cs-min and Cs-design, a controller should adjust outdoor-air intake flow Vot proportionally between Vot-min and Vot-design.
Heating Coil
Cooling Coil
Supply Air
There are several ways to assess ventilation demand: Occupancy schedules, which allow a building automation system to predict the current population based on the time of day Occupancy sensors, which detect the presence or number of people in each monitored zone Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors, which monitor the concentration of CO2 that is produced continuously by the occupants and diluted by the outdoor air Regardless of which method is used, DCV strategies attempt to vary the outdoor-air intake in response to the current population.
CO2
ZONE
n Closing thoughts
DCV with VAQ Station can reduce the cost of operating the HVAC systemespecially in applications where contaminant levels result primarily from people (or their activities) and where population varies significantly. The most common applications include gymnasiums, meeting rooms, and auditoriums. The 2007 standard also complicates implementation of CO2-based DCV. Thats because the effective cfm/ person, and (therefore) the desired indoor-to-outdoor difference in CO2 concentrations, vary as the zone population changes. CO2-based DCV is most commonly used in single-zone systems that serve densely occupied spaces with varying populations. In multiple-zone VAV systems, combining CO2-based DCV with ventilation resetusing CO2 sensors only in densely occupied zones with widely varying populationsprovides a cost-effective,reliable, and energy-efficient system. For more details on product and applications please contact:
Exhaust Air
Return Air
Zone 1
(Using Ventilation Reset)
Zone 2
(Variable Occupied Space)
CO2 T0 C
VP1 VP2
T0 C
Heating Coil
Outdoor Air
Mixed Air
Cooling Coil
Supply Air
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