6.

002x

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Inside the Digital Gate

Reading: Chapter 6 of A&L

Review

The Digital Abstraction

l Discretize value: 0, 1 l Static discipline -- digital devices meet voltage thresholds

sender VOH VOL

receiver

VIH VIL

forbidden region

Specifies how gates must be designed

Review
Combinational gate abstraction outputs function of input alone satisfies static discipline

A B

C
NAND

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 10

C 1 1 1
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Review
A B C

A digital circuit
D
3 gates here

A Nehalem class microprocessor from Intel has approx 1 billion gates The RAW multicore chip (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/raw/) built by students at CSAIL, MIT, had about 3 million gates The 64-core Tile processor from Tilera has approx a half billion gates
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Demo

Z = X Y X Y Z

Z
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How to build a digital gate

Analogy

Use this insight to build an AND gate.

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How to build a digital gate

Electrical Analogy

Key: we need a switch device

New Switch Element

Consider abstract switch device

Equivalent ckt
For mechanical switch, control mechanical pressure

3-Terminal device if C = 0: short circuit between in and out else: open circuit between in and out

Now, consider this circuit

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Behavior of this circuit

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What about?

12

What about?

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We can also build compound gates

VS

D A B C

Now lets get back to reality we need a physical switch

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The MOSFET Device

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 3 terminal lumped element behaves like a switch G: control terminal

D, S: behave in a symmetric manner (for our needs)

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The MOSFET Device

Understand its operation by viewing it as a two-port element

G S

VT ~ 1V

t ck ou book Che ext the t s for itnal inter ture Struc .7 Sec 6

for example

Switch model (S model) of the MOSFET

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Check the MOS device i on a scope

DS

Demo
You get two v-i relations; One for each switch setting

iDS iG vGS
+ +

vDS

iDS

vs vDS

vDS

(As we will see soon, note that the actual MOSFET behavior is quite a bit more complex. The above switch characterization is a gross simplification. If you cannot wait, check out Section 7.3 of the textbook for the actual MOSFET characteristics)

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A MOSFET Inverter
A B

Note the power of abstraction: The abstract inverter gate representation hides internal details such as power supply connections, RL, GND, etc. When we build digital circuits, the and are common across all gates!

A, B: Logic value vIN: Voltage value

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We can plot the relationship between the input and output voltages
vIN VS = 5V
RL

vOUT

vOUT 5V

Called voltage transfer characteristic

vOUT vIN

0V V T =1V

5V

vIN
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Question: The T1000 model laptop needs gates that satisfy a static discipline with voltage thresholds given below. Does our inverter qualify?

vIN

vOUT

VOL = 0.5V VOH = 4.5V 1: sender 0:

VIL = 0.9V VIH = 4.1V 1

VIH VIL

VOH VOL

receiver 0
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Does our inverter satisfy the voltage thresholds for this static discipline?
5V
VOUT

vIN

vOUT
VIL = 0.9V VIH = 4.1V
1

VOL = 0.5V VOH = 4.5V

VOH 4.5

VIH 4.1 VIL 0.9

0V

VT =1V

5V

VIN

VOL 0.5

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vIN Does our inverter satisfy the static discipline for these different thresholds?
VOUT

vOUT

5V

VOL = 0.2V VOH = 5.1V

VIL = 0.5V VIH = 4.5V

0V

VT =1V

5V

VIN

VOL = 0.2V VOH = 5.1V

VIL = 0.5V VIH = 4.5V

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How about these thresholds?

5V
VOUT

vIN
VOL = 0.5V VOH = 4.5V

vOUT
VIL = 1.5V VIH = 3.5V

0V

VT =1V

5V VIL = 1.5V VIH = 3.5V

VIN

VOL = 0.5V VOH = 4.5V

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Switch Resistor (SR) Model of MOSFET

a more accurate MOSFET model
D G D G S G

vGS < VT

S D

vGS VT

S
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SR Model of MOSFET
MOSFET S model iDS
D G S

MOSFET SR model iDS

D
RON

Demo

vGS VT

vGS VT

vGS < VT
VDS

vGS < VT
VDS
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Using the SR model

VS RL

vOUT
C

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Transfer Function for Inverter using the SR MOSFET Model

vIN
VS RL

vOUT
VS RL C=1

vOUT 5V

vOUT
C=0 RON

vOUT
RON

vIN

vIN

0V V T =1V

5V

vIN
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Does our inverter satisfy the voltage thresholds for this static discipline?
5V
VOUT

vIN

vOUT
VIL = 0.9V VIH = 4.1V
1

VOL = 0.5V VOH = 4.5V

VOH 4.5

VIH 4.1 VIL 0.9

0V

0.45V

VT =1V

5V

VIN

VOL 0.5

So, our inverter satisfies this static discipline

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Some Interesting Insights Our Digital Subcircuits are Linear

VS VS

D A B C

A B

D C

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Static Power in Digital Circuits

VS
RL

A=1 B=1

RON

C=0

RON

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Analog and Digital (or Mixed Signals) are Everywhere

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