1

CHNG MINH CA ERDOS I VI B BERTRAND

V CC S NGUYN T
***********
I. Gii thiu.
Vo nm 1832, Bertrand pht biu mt b v s nguyn t rng: Gia hai s t nhin n v
2n, lun tn ti mt s nguyn t, 0 n > v ng chng minh c rng n ng vi mi n b
hn 3 triu nhng cha bit rng n thc s ng vi mi s t nhin n hay khng. Nm nm
sau, Tchebyshev c mt chng minh s dng phng php gii tch cho b trn v n
c cng nhn. n nm 1932, Erdos cng a ra mt chng minh s cp cho b trn,
ch s dng cc kin thc v cc nh gi n gin. Di y, chng ta s cng tm hiu r
chng minh ny.
II. B v chng minh.
1. B Bertrand.
Vi mi s t nhin 0 n > , tn ti t nht mt s nguyn t p tha mn 2 n p n < s .
2. Cc b ph.
Trc ht, gi ( )
p
o n l s m ln nht ca s nguyn t p trong phn tch tiu chun ca s
nguyn dng n. Khi , vi mi s nguyn dng a, b th:
( ) ( ). ( )
p p p
o ab o a o a = v ( ) ( )
p p p
a
o o a o b
b
| | (
=
|
(
\ .
.
- B 1.
Nu khng c s nguyn t no nm gia n v 2n th tt c cc c nguyn t ca
2
n
n
C s nm
trong khong t 2 n
2
3
n
.
Chng minh.
Xt gi tr
2
(2 )!
!. !
n
n
n
C
n n
= , vi p l s nguyn t tha mn
2
2
3
n
p n < s th:
( ) ( )
2
(2 )!
( ) (2 )! 2 ! 2 2.1 0
!. !
n
p n p p p
n
o C o o n o n
n n
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
, ngha l
2
n
n
C khng c c nguyn t
no tha mn
2
3
n
p n < s .
Do , nu tn ti s nguyn dng n tha mn rng khng tn ti s nguyn t no vi
2 n p n < s th tt c cc c nguyn t ca
2
n
n
C s nm trong khong t 2 n
2
3
n
.

2

- B 2.
Vi n l s nguyn dng, nu p l c nguyn t ca
2
n
n
C th
( ) 2
2
n
p n
o C
p n s .
Chng minh.
Gi ( ) r n l s nguyn dng tha mn
( ) ( ) 1
2
r p r p
p n p
+
s < . p dng bt ng thc v phn
nguyn | | | | 0 2 2 1 x x s s vi mi s thc x, ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
(2 )! 2 2
( ) (2 )! 2 ! 2 2
!. !
2
2 1 ( )
r p r p
n
p n p p p i i i i
i i i i
r p r p
i i
i i
n n n n n
o C o o n o n
n n p p p p
n n
r p
p p

= = = =
= =
( ( ( (
| |
= = = = =
| ( ( ( (
\ .

| | ( (
= s =
|
( (
\ .



Do :
( ) 2 ( )
2
n
p n
o C
r p
p p n s s . Ta c pcm.

- B 3.
Tch ca tt c cc s nguyn t khng vt qu n th khng vt qu 4
n
.
Chng minh.
Ta s chng minh bng quy np rng 4
n
p n
p
s
s
[
(k hiu p l s nguyn t). (*)
- Vi 2, 3 n = , mnh (*) hin nhin ng.
- Xt n l s chn v mnh (*) ng n 1 n , v n l s chn nn khng th l s nguyn t,
do , ta c:
1
1
4 4
n n
p n p n
p p

s s
= s <
[ [
.
- Xt n l s l v mnh (*) ng n 1 n . t 2 1, n m m = + e. Khi :
1 1
2 1
1 1 2 1
(2 1)!
. 4 . 4 .
( 1)!
m m m
m
p n p m m p m
m
p p p C
m
+ +
+
s s + + < s +
+
= s =
+
[ [ [
.
Ta cng c
2 1
2 1
2 1
0
2
m
i m
m
i
C
+
+
+
=
=

, m
1
2 1 2 1
m m
m m
C C
+
+ +
= nn
1 2 1
2 1 2 1
0 2 1, 1,
2 2
m i m
m m
i m i m i m
C C
+ +
+ +
s s + = + =
+ =

nn:
1 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 4
m m m m
m m
C C
+ + +
+ +
s s . Do :
1 1 2 1
2 1
4 . 4 .4 4
m m m m m
m
p n
p C
+ + +
+
s
s s =
[
.
Suy ra (*) cng ng vi n, theo nguyn l quy np (*) ng vi mi s t nhin n.

- B 4.
Vi mi s nguyn dng n th
2
4
2 1
n
n
n
C
n
>
+
.
Chng minh.
Ta s chng minh b ny bng quy np.
3

- Vi 1 n = , b hin nhin ng.
- Gi s b ng n 1 n k = > , tc l
2
4
2 1
k
k
k
C
k
>
+
, ta cn chng minh rng n cng ng vi
1 n k = + , tc l
1
1
2 2
4
2 3
k
k
k
C
k
+
+
+
>
+
.
Ta c:
1
1
2 2 2 2
(2 2)! (2 )! (2 1)(2 2) 4 (2 1)(2 2) 4.4 4
. .
( 1)!.( 1)! !. ! ( 1) 2 1 ( 1) 2 2 2 3
k k k
k
k
k k k k k k
C
k k k k k k k k k
+
+
+
+ + + + +
= = > = >
+ + + + + + +
.
Do , b ng vi 1 n k = + .
Theo nguyn l quy np, b c chng minh.

3. Chng minh b Bertrand.
Ta xt dy s nguyn t sau: 2, 3, 5, 7,13, 23, 43,83,163, 631,1259 , trong mi s hng lin sau
nh hn 2 ln s hng lin trc. iu c ngha l vi mi 1024 n < th trong tp hp
{ 1, 2, 3,..., 2 1, 2 } n n n n n + + + lun tn ti t nht mt s nguyn t (l mt trong cc s nguyn
t ca dy trn). Tht vy, v nu ngc li, tn ti mt tp hp khng tha mn iu kin va
nu th ta gi p l s nguyn t thuc dy trn v gn vi 1 n + nht; do p khng thuc tp hp
{ 1, 2, 3,..., 2 1, 2 } n n n n n + + + nn 1 2 2 p n p n p n < + s s , tc l s nguyn t lin sau
ca p s nh hn 2n, ngha l n s thuc tp hp { 1, 2, 3,..., 2 1, 2 } n n n n n + + + , mu thun.
Do , b Bertrand ng vi mi 1024 n < .
Gi s tn ti s nguyn dng n sao cho khng c s nguyn t no nm gia n v 2n, vi nhn
xt trn th ta ch cn xt 1024 n > v khi , theo b 1 th mi c nguyn t ca
2
n
n
C nm
gia 2 v
2
3
n
. Theo b 2 v 3, ta c nh gi sau:
2
2
3
2
2 2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2 1
3 3 3
. . (2 ) .4
n
n n
n
n n n
p n p n
p n p p
C p p p p p n
s s s s
s s s s s s
= s s s
[ [ [ [ [
.
(ch rng
2
1 2
(2 )
n
p n
p n
s s
s
[
suy ra t s cc c nguyn t ca
2
n
n
C khng vt qu 2n th
nh hn 2n v mi c ng gp khng qu 2n vo gi tr ca
2
n
n
C theo b 2).
Theo b 4:
2
2 2
3 3
2 2
4 2
(2 ) .4 4 (2 1).(2 ) log (2 1) 2 .log (2 )
2 1 3
n n n
n n
n
n n n n n n
n
s s + s + +
+
.
Xt 1024 n = , bt ng thc trn tr thnh
2 2
2048
log 2049 2048.log 2048
3
s + , nhng ta thy
rng
2048 2046
682
3 3
> = v
2 2 2 2
3
log 2049 2048.log 2048 log 4096 2048.log 2048 12 32 2.11 12 32. .11 540
2
+ < + = + < + = .
4

Do bt ng thc trn khng ng vi 1024 n = v d thy rng v tri tng nhanh hn v
phi nn bt ng thc
2 2
2
log (2 1) 2 .log (2 )
3
n
n n n s + + cng khng ng vi mi 1024 n > .
iu mu thun ny dn n iu gi s ban u l sai.
Vy vi mi s t nhin 0 n > , tn ti t nht mt s nguyn t p tha mn 2 n p n < s .
B Bertrand c chng minh hon ton.

III. Mt s vn lin quan.
1.nh l ca Greenfield.
Vi mi n nguyn dng, tp hp {1, 2, 3,..., 2 1, 2 } n n c th c phn chia thnh n cp:
1 1 2 2 3 3
{ , },{ , },{ , },...,{ , }
n n
a b a b a b a b
tha mn: vi mi 1, 2, 3,..., i n = th tng
i i
a b + l s nguyn t.
Chng minh.
Ta s chng minh nh l ny bng quy np.
- Vi 1 n = , nh l hin nhin ng.
- Gi s nh l ng n 1 n , ta cn chng minh rng n cng ng vi n . Tht vy:
Theo b Bertrand, tn ti s nguyn t p nm gia 2n v 4n, tc l 2 p n m = + vi 1 2 m n s < .
Do m l s l nn nu ta chia tp hp {1, 2, 3,..., 2 } n thnh hai tp hp ri nhau {1, 2, 3,..., 1} m v
{ , 1,..., 2 1, 2 } m m n n + , ng thi mi tp nh th c s phn t l chn.
Theo gi thit quy np th ta c th chia {1, 2, 3,..., 1} m thnh
1
2
m
cp c tng l s nguyn t.
ng thi ta thy rng c th chia cc s thuc tp{ , 1,..., 2 1, 2 } m m n n + thnh
2 1
2
n m +
cp
c tng l
2 1
(2 ) ( ) 2 , 0
2
n m
n k m k n m k

+ + = + s s v 2n m p + = l s nguyn t.
Do , theo nguyn l quy np, nh l ng vi mi s nguyn dng n nn ta c pcm.
2. nh l v nh gi mt cc s nguyn t.
Tn ti hai hng s dng c v C tha mn vi mi s thc x th:
.ln .ln
( )
c x C x
x
x x
s s trong ( ) x chnh l s cc s nguyn t khng vt qu x.
Chng minh.
Xt s nguyn dng n tha mn
1
2 2 2
( )
n n
n n
C x C
+
+
s s .
Theo b 4 th
2
4
2 1
n
n
n
C
n
>
+
, m vi 3 n > th 2 2 1
n
n > + nn
2 2 2
4 2
2 . 2 log , 3
2 1 2 1
n n
n n n n
n n
C C n n
n n
> = > > >
+ +
.
5

Ta cng c:
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
(2 )! (2 2)! ( 1) ( 1) 1
: :
!. ! ( 1)!.( 1)! (2 1)(2 2) (2 2) 4
n n
n n
n n n n
C C
n n n n n n n
+
+
+ + +
= = > =
+ + + + +
.
Do :
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
( ).ln . ( ) ( ).ln
4
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
C C n C x x
x C C

+
+
> > .
Theo b 2, mi s nguyn t l c
2
n
n
C ng gp khng qu 2n vo gi tr ca
2
n
n
C nn
2
2
( )
2
n
n n
n
C
C
n
> , suy ra:
2
2
. ( ) ( ).ln 1
( )
4 8 8.ln
n
n
n
n
n C x x x
x
x C x

> > > .
Theo b 3, ta cng c:
( ) ( / 2)
2
2
2
( ) ( / 2) 4
4 2 .log ( ) ( / 2)
2 log
x x
x
p x
x x x
p x x x x x
x

> > > s +

[
.
Tip tc thc hin nh gi ny | |
2
log x ln na, ta c:
2 2
8 9 9ln 2.
( ) (2)
log log ln
x x x
x
x x x
s + s = .
Do , ta c th chn
1
, 9ln 2
8
c C = = . Vy nh l c chng minh.
Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng ( )
ln
x
x
x
khi x .
3.Cc kt qu mnh hn b Bertrand.
(1) Vi mi 0 > , tn ti ( ) 0 n > sao cho: vi ( ) n n > th lun tn ti s nguyn t p tha
mn:
1 1
2 22
n p n n
+ +
< s + .
(2) Vi mi 0 > , tn ti ( ) 0 n > sao cho: vi ( ) n n > th lun tn ti s nguyn t p tha
mn:
1
2
n p n n
+
< s + .
(3) Vi mi 0 > , tn ti ( ) 0 n > sao cho: vi ( ) n n > th lun tn ti s nguyn t p tha
mn:
2
(1 ) ln n p n n < s + + .
Mt cu hi th v lin quan n b Bertrand ny l: C ng hay khng khi cho rng vi
mi s nguyn dng 1 n > , lun tn ti mt s nguyn t p vi
2 2
( 1) n p n < s + ?.
y vn l mt cu hi m.