INDUSTRIAL WATER

ANALYSIS HANDBOOK





N.MANIVASAKAM M.Sc.,
Formerly CHIEF WATER ANALYST
PRINCIPAL PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY
COIMBATORE-641018 (T.N.)
INDIA











Chemical Publishing Company












INDUSTRIAL WATER ANALYSIS HANDBOOK


2011 by Chemical Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means;
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-8206-0040-6

Chemical Publishing Company:
www.chemical-publishing.com
www.chemicalpublishing.net

Originally published 2005
Nataraj Manivasakam

Printed in the United States of America






















DEDICATED

TO

THE LOTUS FEET OF

LORD MURUGA

AND TO MY PARENTS

C.K.NATARAJ & ARUNAGIRI AMMAL
























I gratefully acknowledge,

1) American Public Health Association, Washington

2) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia

3) International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland

4) Hach Company, Loveland, Colorado, U.S.A


For their kind permission to reproduce some of the tables, and
paragraphs from their publications,



- N.MANIVASAKAM
35()$&(

Water analysis has become extremely important for many reasons. Not only to
design suitable water treatment plant during commissioning of the industry but it is
essential for continuous monitoring of the quality of treated water. Without a proper
water analysis program, the efficacy of water treatment cannot be ascertained. A
proper water analysis would also reduce the cost on treatment significantly. Knowing
this fully well, every industry is setting up their own water analysis laboratory as a part
of their industry. Abundant literature is available on the analysis of water, but this
book is especially written to suit the needs of industries. All the test procedures for
the parameters pertaining to industrial water analysis are provided in this book and
discussed in detail. Another salient feature of this book is that the analytical
procedures are given in a step by step way so that it becomes easier for the analyst to
carryout analysis of water. Chapters are arranged in alphabetical order for easy access
to the required chapter. Thus this book would serve as a valuable reference to carryout
analysis of water for any intended industrial purpose. This apart, it is extremely useful
to carryout examination of waster water too.

This book is divided into four parts.

Part - I `Introduction provides a detailed introduction on analysis of water
along with parameters to be determined for each industrial use, thus helps to reduce
the time required for analysis and labor involved in analysis.

In Part - II `Chemical Analysis, elaborate testing procedures for all the
parameters necessary for industrial uses are given. Exclusive chapters in the beginning
on `Sampling of water and `Sampling of Boiler water will provide the analyst a detailed
sampling program and the important sampling points so that the analysis would be
more meaningful and more useful. Detailed analytical procedures for 65 chemical
parameters are given which makes this book a handy reference for carrying out
analysis without any difficulty.

Part - III `Microbiological Analysis deals with the identification and
determination of the density of microbial organisms that are likely to interfere in
industrial processes. To aid the analyst, separate chapters starting from the
Requirement of Chemicals, Glassware and Equipment, Technics involved in

(ii)
Microbiological Analysis, Sampling of Water for Microbiological Examination and
Preparation of Media and Reagents, to identification of specific organisms are provided
with a detailed discussion.

In Part - IV `Microscopical Examination, a brief account of microscopical
organisms is given. The common organisms present in water along with their habitat
and significance are also dealt.

This book would serve as a handy reference to all wet processing industries.
This book would be helpful in multifarious ways to Analysts, Chemists, Engineers, and
Managers of industries and Water Treatment Consultants, Firms engaged in Water
Treatment and other personnel engaged in water analysis and water treatment. This
apart, this book would also be a source book to students of Industrial Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry, Applied chemistry, Environmental
Engineering and Environmental Science and other allied faculties of Colleges and
Universities.

This book has been prepared with the help and assistance of a number of
people. Their assistance made this book a most useful volume. I owe a great debt of
gratitude to all of them. Some of the organizations have been most gracious in
granting permission to reproduce certain illustrations, figures and portions from their
publications. Their cooperation is gratefully acknowledged. A special debt of gratitude
is due to M/S. Chemical Publishing Company, Gloucester, U.S.A., for their keen interest
shown towards the publication of this book.

Comments and criticisms as well as suggestions for the improvement of the
book are solicited.


Coimbatore - 42 (TN) - N.MANIVASAKAM
India.

(iii)









This book is divided into the following parts.

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Water analysis has become increasingly important for many reasons. Water is the
material that is widely employed in industries in multifarious ways water is the raw material,
water is the ingredient, water is the medium of reaction, water is the conveying medium, water
is used for washing, water is used to generate steam and it is the major cooling agent and so
on. For each and every industrial use, the quality of water is very important and it is the
judging factor of the quality of finished product as well as the criterion for protecting boilers,
cooling systems, machineries and equipments from scale formation and corrosion. Water
analysis is the key component in designing suitable water treatment plant and to maintain the
water quality. Without a proper water analysis program, the efficacy of water treatment cannot
be ascertained. A proper water analysis would also reduce the cost on treatment considerably.
Since each industrial use needs a water of specific quality, a detailed analysis is essential to
know the quality of water available and to apply suitable treatment to render the water fit for the
specific purpose and to maintain the same.
Analysis of water includes four components namely,
1. Chemical Analysis
2. Microbiological Analysis
3. Microscopical Examination
Testing for Radioactivity

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Examination for physical characteristics and chemical composition together called as
Chemical Analysis. All the parameters that comes under chemical analysis are listed below.
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Physical
Properties
Metals
Non-
metallics
Dissolved
Gases
Organics
Other
Tests
Color Aluminium Acidity
Carbon -
dioxide
Hydrazine BOD
Electrical
Conductivity
Arsenic Alkalinity
Chlorine
(Residual)
Nitrogen
(Ammonia)


Calcium
carbonate
Stability Test
Odor Boron Chloride
Oxygen
(Dissolved)
Nitrogen
(Albuminoid)
Chlorine demand
pH Value Cadmium Cyanide
Nitrogen
(Organic)
Coagulant
demand
Solids Calcium Fluoride
Nitrogen
(Total Kjeldahl)
COD
- Total Chromium Iodide Oil and grease
Equivalent
Mineral Acidity
- Dissolved Copper Nitrate Phenols Langellier Index
- Suspended Hardness Nitrite Surfactants Particle Counting
- Settleable Iron Phosphate
Tannin and
Lignin
Permanganate
Value
Temperature Lead Silica Volatile acids
Residual Sodium
Carbonate
Turbidity Magnesium Sulfate Silt Density Index
Manganese Sulfide
Sodium -
Adsorption Ratio
Mercury Sulfite Sodium Slip
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Sodium
Silver
Zinc
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Microbiological analysis is carried out to detect the presence and density of microbial
organisms in water. These organisms may render the water unsuitable in one or other way for
the intended use, especially for food industries, pharmaceutical industries, fermentation
industries and electronics industries. Hence is it essential that the water used in industries
should also be free from microorganisms. In this book, procedures for the following organisms,
are given.
1. Standard Plant Count (To detect the number of viable micro-organisms present in
water)
2. Coliform bacteria (To detect fecal contamination)
3. Fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) (To detect fecal contamination)
4. Proteolytic Bacteria (Protein degrading bacteria. Essential test for Food Industries)
5. Lipolytic Bacteria (Lipid degrading bacteria. Essential test for Food Industries)
6. Thermophilic Bacteria (To be tested for water used in Dairy)
7. Gelatin Liquefying Bacteria
8. Iron Bacteria
9. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
10. Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
11. Yeast and Mould
12. Slime Forming Organisms

See Part III, MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS for more details

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Water may contain numerous minute organisms that could be detected only under
microscope. Many industrial processes virtually require water free of such microscopical
organisms, as they impart color, odor and turbidity to water. Some of the higher forms may
affect the health also. A detailed microscopical examination will reveal the presence and
concentration of phytoplanktons such as algae, diatoms, flagellates and zooplanktons such as
protozoans, ciliated protozoans, rotifers, crustaceans and other forms. For details, refer
Part IV, MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION.
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Radio active materials find their way into water courses mainly from the discharge of
waste water from nuclear power plants and due to extensive use of radio tracers. They are
highly undesirable in processing industries. Stringent limits for radio active materials are
stipulated for drinking water and water used for food processing and fermentation industries.
Water used in these industries must comply with these requirements. Radio active
measurements are helpful to detect the radio active contamination and contaminant levels in
water.

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The primary objective of the analysis of raw water in industries is to find out its quality
to design a suitable treatment plant and to plan a treatment program. Detailed analysis is
necessary to design an effective and comprehensive treatment plant. Seasonal variations and
corresponding fluctuations

in raw water quality have to be taken into account while designing a

treatment plant. If two or more sources with plenty of water are available, raw water analysis
would help to select the source to which minimum treatment is required. Such selection would
result in considerable savings in treatment costs and in the subsequent control analysis.
After the treatment plant is installed, the treated water has to be tested periodically.
The periodicity (hourly, daily, weekly etc.,) is dependent on the industrial purpose for which the
water is used and the type of treatment plant installed. The treated waters are tested to find
out the efficacy, uniformity and consistency of treatment. Any over treatment will lead to
unnecessary expenditure and under treatment would result in poor quality water and
consequently lead to equipment failure and / or inferior product.

Throughout the world, rivers are the most commonly used water sources Ior industrial purposes. Since they
are subject to pollution by industries, sewage, agricultural run-oII and other man made activities,
considerable variation in the concentration oI many constituents should be anticipated along with variations
due to seasonal changes. Whereas ground waters are essentially constant in composition and there may not
be much variation in quality characteristics.
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Drawing an analytical program is highly imperative to attain the objective of the best
performance of the treatment system and securing water of desired quality for the particular
industrial use and maintaining the treatment. The basic components of an analytical program
are,
i. Fixing the sampling points [(i.e) the stages of treatment system that need control]
ii. Frequency of sampling
iii. Parameters to be determined [(i.e) constituents that affect the process at the
particular stage]
iv. Method of analysis.
All these components are entirely dependent on the quality requirement of water for the
intended industrial use and the type of treatment plants installed.
While planning the program of sampling and analysis, care should be exercised that
the program should not be too extensive incorporating unnecessary data which involve then
more labour and also expensive and wastage of time. Similarly an inadequate program would
lead to improper conclusions and improper treatment resulting in poor quality products and
damage to equipments. The best program is the one with minimum sampling points and tests,
at the same time providing necessary information. Regular analyses for raw water, treated
water used in process have to be carried out. Analysis of condensate returns and recirculating
cooling water is also necessary.
Most of the industries require testing of water, only to asses the physical characteristics
and chemical composition. Some other industrial processes need water of satisfactory
bacteriological quality also (eg) food industries, fermentation industries and electronics
industries. In such cases, both chemical and bacteriological analysis need to be carried out.
When the water is susceptible to radio active contamination, it has to be tested for radio activity
also.
In Chapter - 2, the parameters that need to be determined are given industry wise and
may be referred for further information. For fixing the right sampling points refer Chapter - 5,
SAMPLING OF WATER FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS and Chapter - 6 SAMPLING OF BOILER
WATER. For detailed analytical procedures refer Part II and Part III.
IntrnductInn / Paramctcrs tn bc dctcrmIncd

CHAPTER - 2
PARAMETER5 TO BE DETERMINED
(INDU5TRY WI5E)

Given below is the list of parameters to be tested on a regular basis. To aid the analyst
the list is given industry wise. These are the minimum tests to be carried out regularly which
are also termed as Control Tests. Even among these, if some of the parameters remain
constant and exhibit no variation, they need not be done. It is reiterated however, while
commissioning the industry the water has to be tested for all parameters to assess its suitability
for the particular industrial use and to design a suitable treatment plant. If surface waters are
used, their characteristics have to be studied seasonally prior to designing treatment plant. In
addition to the control parameters, they have to be checked for other parameters also when
they are suspected to vary in character due to seasonal variations and/or pollution from
upstream side.
The present day softeners, demineralizers, reverse osmosis plants and steam
generation systems are equipped with fully automatic (or semiautomatic) continuous analyzers
which measure the pH, temperature, turbidity conductivity, hardness, dissolved oxygen and
silica. A schematic diagram of water treatment plants and steam generating equipments along
with continuous analyzers are depicted in Fig. 2 1. Needless to say that in addition to such
measurements, a testing schedule has to be established to make sure that sufficient
information is obtained with the minimum number of tests. Such schedules and control
parameters are described in the following sections.
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Lime Soda Softening
1. pH value : Continuous analysis is desirable
2. Hardness: May be tested once per shift
3. Phosphate: For a significant reduction of hardness, phosphate is usually added in hot
lime-soda softening. Maintenance of a residual of 6 8 ppm is necessary. May be tested
once per shift.
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FIg. 2 1. Water Treatment PIants and steam GeneratIon Systems
ContInuous AnaIyzers and StrategIc PoInts at whIch they are InstaIIed

.
Cation exchange Softening
1. pH value: Continuous analysis is desirable.
2. Hardness: A continuous analyzer for hardness is convenient for monitoring the
performance of cation exchangers. The instrument is normally installed on the softener
outlet header. When it alarms, the softened water must be checked for leakage of
hardness. EDTA titric metric method is recommended for checking. (In the absence of a
continuous analyzer, the softened water should be checked for hardness every 2 hr.)

Fig. 2 1 is reproduced with the kind permission Irom M/s. Hach Company, Colorado, U.S.A., Irom their
publication, 'Hach Water Analysis Hand Book 4
th
Edition (Revision 2) 2003.
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Demineralization
1. Conductivity
2. pH value
3. Silica
4. Hardness
5. Sodium
6. Alkalinity
7. Turbidity.
The Demineralizers are usually installed with continuous analyzers for monitoring pH
and conductivity. Both conductivity and pH measurements are used to indicate breakthrough in
demineralization. As the resin becomes exhausted, the pH falls and the conductivity rises.
In normal operation, the pH of the anion exchanger effluent is about 8. If the pH
becomes 9 or more it is an indication of excessive sodium ion leakage from the cation
exchanger. The present day trend is to install a continuous analyzer for sodium in the cation
exchanger outlet so that sodium leakage could be immediately known.
Automatic silica analyzers are also installed at the anion exchanger outlet. When
demineralizers approach exhaustion, silica is the first impurity to breakthrough into the effluent.
Due to its low ionic strength, silica cannot be detected readily by conductivity meters. However
automatic analyzers are capable of detecting increasing levels of silica that occur before
complete exhaustion. Regeneration can then be initiated.
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Feed Water
Boiler feed water is a mixture of condensate and makeup water. Usually condensate
will be in high proportion (ranging from 95% to 99% - sometimes total feed water is
condensate) and make up will be in a lower proportion. Before feeding, the quality must be
known in order to protect the boiler system from scaling and corrosion. Detailed analysis may
be carried out at suitable intervals. However, all the parameters need not be done daily. A few
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control tests alone have to be done which clearly give a picture on the quality of feed water.
Necessary control parameters are tabulated (See Table 2 1)
Boiler Water
The analysis of boiler water is extremely useful in detecting the conditions inside the
boiler and to detect under or over treatment. Based on the analysis of boiler water, dosage of
chemicals can be controlled. In this case also certain chemical parameters have to be checked
frequently which are given in Table 2 2.
Steam
It is extremely important to determine the purity of steam frequently. Needless to say
that steam purity is affected by certain operating variables and therefore it is best to sample
and monitor continuously the quality of steam. Unlike with other samples, obtaining a
representative sample of steam is very difficult and hence several precautions need to be
observed. Purity of steam is determined by measuring either the conductivity or sodium
concentration in a condensed sample. For a detailed analytical procedure refer, chapter 76.
Condensate
Condensate is nothing but the condensed steam and is a water of extreme purity. The
condensate return system is a revealing sampling point to monitor total boiler water treatment
performance. The parameters, turbidity, electrical conductivity and hardness are used to find
out in-leakage through heat exchangers and condensers. If the conductivity of the combined
condensate rises, individual returned streams should be checked for hardness. Test for silica
also may be carried out on such return streams to detect contamination. Regular measurement
of the pH of the condensate is necessary to regulate the dosage of amines. (After the addition
of neutralizing amines the pH should be in the range of 8 9). Tests for iron, copper and
dissolved oxygen are carried out to detect corrosion problems. Silica and sodium are important
parameters which indicate carryover problems and / or condenser leakage (see Table 2 3).
As indicated already, continuous analyzers are available for the measurement of sodium as
low as 0.1 ppb. The major advantage with these analyzers is that these instruments suffer no
interference from hydrazine, morpholine, cyclohexylamine or ammonia.
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Blow Down
Blowing down is an essential operation in any boiler water treatment program.
Blowdown removes precipitated sludge and dissolved solids from the boiler before harmful
levels are reached. Blowdown can be continuous or intermittent. In either case, analysis is
required to maintain the critical balance between solids removal and the loss of heat and
treatment chemicals that must be replaced. The control parameters are listed below. (See
Table 2 4).
Raw Water
Raw waters have also to be tested occasionally to detect any variations in quality.
Ground waters normally do not show any variations. Surface waters, however are subject to
fluctuations in quality due to seasonal variations and/or pollution from upstream side and may
require frequent checking.

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Sl.No. Parameter Frequency
1. Electrical Conductivity Continuously
2. pH value - do -
3. Total Hardness Daily
4. Total Alkalinity - do -
5. Chloride Once per shift (i.e., once in 8 hrs)
6. Silica - do -
7. Dissolved Oxygen - do -
8. Residual Sodium sulfite / Hydrazine - do -
9. Phosphate Need to be done only if the water is
softened by Lime - Soda process.
Once per day.
10. Iron Occasionally
11. Copper - do -
12. Oil - do -
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TABLE 22
BOILER WATER - CONTROL PARAMETERS AND TESTING SCHEDULE
Sl.No. Parameter Frequency
1. pH value Continuously
2. Total Hardness Once per shift (once in 8 hrs)
3. Total Alkalinity - do -
4. Caustic Alkalinity - do -
5. Chloride - do -
6. Silica - do -
7. Dissolved Oxygen Continuously
8. Residual Sodium sulfite / Hydrazine Once per shift
9. Phosphate - do -
10. Iron - do -
11. Copper - do -
12. Oil Occassionally
13. Residual Chelant Once per day
TABLE 23
CONDENSATECONTROL PARAMETERS AND TESTING SCHEDULE
Sl.No. Parameter Frequency
1. Turbidity Once per day
2. Electrical conductivity Continuously
3. pH value - do -
4. Total Hardness Once per day
5. Silica - do -
6. Sodium - do -
7. Iron - do -
8. Copper - do -
9. Oil - do -
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foi NO2, 2O3
AIun slock soIulion, 136
Anine-suIfuiic acid soIulion foi S
slock soIulion, 291
voiking soIulion, 291
4-Anino anlipyiene soIn foi phenoI, 233
Annonia-annoniun chIoiide luffei,
foi haidness, 158
foi phenoIs, 233
Annonia Niliogen, 2O5-2O8
Annonia soIn, conc, 14O, 185, 311
Annoniun
inleinediale soIulion, 2O6
slock soIulion, 2O6
voiking soIulion, 2O6
Annoniun lifIuoiide, foi Ci, 134
Annoniun ciliale soIulion 2O foi Cu, 142
Annoniun lifIuoiide, foi Ci, 134
Annoniun hydioxide
1+1, foi Se, 258
1+9, foi Il, 183
1+19, foi Mg, 185
1+49, foi Ni, 196
Annoniun noIyldale soIulion,
foi IO4, 235
foi SiIica 261, 263
Annoniun oxaIale soIulion, foi Mg, 185
Annoniun peisuIfale, foi Mn, 19O
AnaIylicaI Iiogian, 7
Appaialus foi sanpIing loiIei valei, 56, 57, 58
Aisenic, 84-86
inleinediale soIulion, 85
slandaid soIulion, 86
slock soIulion, 85
Aisenious acid soIulion,
foi CN, 145
foi iodide, 167
AilificiaI slandaid soIulion, foi siIica, 262
Ascoilic acid, 81

%
aiiun chIoiide soIulion, 5 foi SO4, 286
io chenicaI Oxygen Denand (OD), 87-98
appIicalion of, 97
checking lhe coiieclness, 95
piepaialion of diIulions, 91
pieliealnenl, 9O
ialio of OD : IV, 97
ioIogicaI exaninalion, 4O3-4O8
is (2-hydioxy elhyIdilhio)
cailanale soIulion, foi Zn, 311
is-pyiazoIone, foi CN, 145
Iov dovn, peicenl, 127
OD lollIe, 22O
oiax foi siIica, 262
oiic acid soIn, 212
oion, 99-1O1
slandaid soIulion, 99
slock soIulion, 99
iiIIianl yeIIov soIulion, foi Mg, 187
ionine valei, foi CN, 144
-vaIue (hydioxide aIkaIinily), 78
- lipyiidyI
foi feiious iion, 173

&
Cadniun, 1O2-1O5
slock soIulion, 1O2
voiking soIulion, 1O3
CaIciun cailonale SlaliIily Tesl, 1O9
CaIciun chIoiide soIulion, foi OD 89
CaIciun slandaid soIulion foi haidness, 158
,QGH[

CaIciun suIfale soIulion, foi Mg, 187

CaIciun, 1O6-1O8
Cailon dioxide (Iiee), 11O-114
- in degassei effIuenl, 111
- in slean, 113
Cailonale haidness, 16O,161,162
Ceiic annoniun suIfale soIulion
O.O2N foi iodide, 167
ChenicaI Oxygen Denand (COD), 115-12O
definilion of, 115
ChenicaIs iequiied foi chenicaI anaIysis, 36-4O
ChIoiide, 121-127
ly neicuiic niliale nelhod, 124-125
ly siIvei niliale nelhod, 121-123
ChIoiine denand, 128-129
ChIoiine iesiduaI - See ResiduaI ChIoiine
ChIoiine soIulion, slandaid, 128
Choioniun, 13O-134
hexavaIenl, 13O-131
lolaI, 131-133
in cooIing valeis, 133-134
slock soIulion, 13O
voiking soIulion, 13O
Ciliale-cyanide ieducing soIulion foi Iead, 182
CoaguIanl denand, 135-136
ColaIlous chIoiide, 137
CoIifoin lacleiia, 333, 334, 368-381
CoIifoin (fecaI), 382-386
CoIoi, 137-138
slandaid coIoi soIulion, 137
Conlined chIoiine, 248
Conposile sanpIe, 45
Condilioning ieagenl, foi suIfale, 288
Conlinuous sanpIing, 46
Coppei, 139-142
neocupioine nelhod, 139-141
sodiun dielhyIdilhio cailanale nelhod, 141-142
slandaid soIulion, 14O
slock soIulion, 14O
Coppei suIfale soIulion
foi TolaI KjeIdahI Niliogen, 212
foi IhenoIs, 231
Coiiosivily lesl, 1O9
Cupiic dielhyI dilhio cailanale ieagenl foi Ag, 267
Cuicunin ieagenl foi , 1OO
Cyanides (lolaI), 143-146
inleinediale soIulion, 144
slock soIulion, 144
slandaidizalion, 144
voiking soIulion, 144

'
3-3, Dianino lenzidine, foi Se, 258
Diannoniun hydiogen phosphale soIulion
foi Mg, 185
foi S, 291
Dialonaceous-siIica fiIlei aid, 3O6
Digeslion vilh
niliic and suIfuiic acids, 64
niliic and peichIoiic acids, 65
DiIulion valei foi OD, 88,89,9O
DinelhyI gIyoxine soIulion, foi Ni, 196
s-DiphenyI cailazide ieagenl, foi Ci, 131
DiphenyI cailazone indicaloi, foi CI, 125
DissoIved soIids, 28O-281
Dilhizone
slock soIulion,
foi Cd, 1O3
foi Il, 182
foi Zn, 3O9, 311
voiking soIulion
foi Cd, 1O3
foi Hg, 193
foi Il, 182
foi Zn, 3O9, 311

(
LDTA soIulion
O.O2N, 82, 1O7, 158
8 foi Se, 258
foi NO3, 199
LDTA slandaid soIn foi iesiduaI cheIanl, 244
LDTA voiking sld foi lolaI cheIanl, 246
LIecliicaI conduclivily, 147-148
neuliaIized conduclivily, 148
slandaid KCI soIulion, 147
Lquipnenls iequiied foi
chenicaI anaIysis, 29
niciolioIogicaI anaIysis, 339
LquivaIenl MineiaI Acidily (LMA), 149
Liiochione lIack-T, foi haidness, 159
Liiochione cyanine-R, foi AI, 81
Lscheiichia coIi, see IecaI coIifoin, 99
LlhyeIene dianine, 173
Lxpiession of iesuIls, 61-63

)
IecaI CoIifoin, 334, 382-386
Ieiiic chIoiide soIulion
foi OD, 89
foi S, 291
foi voIaliIe acids, 3O6
Ieiioin indicaloi foi COD, 118
Ieiious annoniun suIfale soIulion
O.O1N foi COD, 118
O.1N foi COD, 118
slandaidizalion, 118
foi iodide, 167
Ieiious iion
,QGH[

deleininalion, 172-174
slock soIulion, 173
voiking soIulion, 173
IIuoiide
eIecliode nelhod, 155-156
pieIininaiy disliIIalion, 153-155
Scoll-Sanchis nelhod, 152-153
SIADNS nelhod, 15O-152
slandaid soIulion, 151
slock soIulion, 15O
Ioinale RicinoIeale liolh, 369-37O
Ioinic acid, 258
Iiee chIoiine, 248
Iiee MineiaI Acidily (IMA), 69,276
Iiequency of sanpIing, 47

*
CeIalin-Iiquefying lacleiia, 335,39O
CeIalin nediun, 39O
CIassvaie iequiied
foi chenicaI anaIysis, 31-35
foi niciolioIogicaI anaIysis, 341-344
Cial sanpIe, 45
Ciease - see ' OiI and Ciease, 216-217
Culzeil appaialus foi As, 84,85

+
Haidness (lolaI), 157-163
cIassificalion, 16O
cailonale haidness,16O,161
non-cailonale haidness,16O,161
conveision faclois, 163
Hydiazine, 164-165
slandaid soIulion, 165
slock soIulion, 165
HydiochIoiic acid
O.O2N, 3O9
O.O5N, 196
O.5N, 164
1+1, 169, 185, 261, 263, 286
1O, 387
conc, 85, 1O3, 14O, 144, 169, 172, 185
Hydiogen peioxide, 122, 296
Hydioquinone soIulion, foi CI, 125
Hydioxide aIkaIinily- vaIue, 78
HydioxyI anine hydiochIoiide
foi Cd, 1O3
foi Cu, 139
foi Ie
2+
, 173
foi Hg, 193

,
Innediale DissoIved Oxygen Denand (IDOD), 95
Iodide soIulion, foi Ni, 196
Iodide, 166-168
slock soIulion, 167
voiking slandaid soIulion, 167
Iion lacleiia, 335-336, 391-392
Iion, 169-174
feiious iion, 172-174
lolaI iion
ly coIoiineliic nelhod, 169-171
slandaid soIulion, 17O
slock soIulion, 17O
ly liliineliic nelhod, 171-172
IsopiopyI aIcohoI, 74, 14O

-
}ai Tesl, 135-136

/
LaleIIing of sanpIe, 5O, 362
LangeIiei Saluialion Index, 175-178
LAS soIulion
slandaid soIulion, 296
slock soIulion, 295
Lead, 181-183
inleinediale soIulion, 181
slock soIulion, 181
voiking soIulion, 182
Lead acelale soIulion, 1O foi As, 85
Line slock soIulion, 136
LipoIylic lacleiia, 335, 388

0
Magnesiun 184-188
ly giavineliic nelhod, 185-186
ly pholoneliic nelhod, 186-188
slock soIulion, 187
voiking soIulion, 187
Magnesiun slandaid soIn foi Res. CheIanl, 244
Magnesiun suIfale
foi OD, 89
foi voIaliIe acids, 3O6
Manganese, 189-191
slock soIulion, 19O
voiking slandaid soIulion, 19O
Manganous suIfale soIulion, 221
MailIe lesl, 1O9
Mediun foi ThiolaciIIus lhiooxidans
(SuIfui nediun), 395
Mediun foi ThiolaciIIus lhiopaius
(ThiosuIfale oxidizing nediun), 395
Meicuiic chIoiide soIn foi iion, 172
Meicuiic niliale, O.O282N soIulion foi CI, 1O5
,QGH[

Meicuiic suIfale
foi COD, 117
foi Mn, 19O
Meicuiy, 192-194
slock soIulion, 193
voiking soIulion, 193
Melhod of laking sanpIe, 49-5O
MelhyI oiange acidily, 68
MelhyI oiange indicaloi, 67
MelhyI ied indicaloi, 185, 286, 311
MelhyIene lIue soIulion, (acid), 295
MelhyIene lIue soIulion, (neuliaI), 295
MelhyIene lIue soIulion-I, foi S, 291
slandaidizalion, 291
MelhyIene lIue soIulion-II, foi S, 292
MiciolioIogicaI anaIysis, 5, 333-4OO
MiciolioIogicaI anaIysis-Laloialoiy lechnics, 349-354
Miciogian, definilion, 61
MicioscopicaI exaninalion, 5, 4O3-4O8
MiIIi equivaIenl, definilion, 61
MisceIIaneous ilens
foi chenicaI anaIysis, 35-36
foi niciolioIogicaI anaIysis, 344-345
Mixed indicaloi
foi aIkaIinily, 74
foi aIuniniun, 82
foi lolaI kjeIdahI niliogen, 213
Modified Ioinale Laclose CIulanale Mediun (doulIe
slienglh), 368, 369
Modified Ioinale Laclose CIulanale Mediun (singIe
slienglh), 368, 369
MIN TalIe, 371-375
Muiexide indicaloi, foi Ca, 1O7

1
-NaphlhyIanine hydiochIoiide soIulion, foi NO2,
2O2
Neocupioine soIulion, foi Cu, 14O
NessIei ieagenl, 2O6
NeuliaIized conduclivily, 148
NickeI, 195-197
slock soIulion, 195
voiking soIulion, 196
Niliale, 198-2OO
eIecliode nelhod, 2OO
phenoI disuIfonic acid nelhod, 198-2OO
slock soIulion, 199
voiking slandaid soIulion, 199
Niliic acid
O.O5N, 125
1+4, 182
conc, 64, 14O, 185, 191
Niliile, 2O1-2O4
inleinediale soIulion, 2O3
slock soIulion, 2O2
voiking soIulion, 2O3
Niliogen (aIluninoid), 2O9-21O
Niliogen (annonia), 2O5-2O8
Niliogen (oiganic), 211
Niliogen (lolaI kjeIdahI), 212-213
Non-cailonale haidness, 16O, 161, 162

2
Odoi, 214-215
quaIilalive deleininalion of, 215
OiI and Ciease, 216-217
Oidei of lesling, 54-55
Oiganic niliogen, 211
Oilho loIidine soIulion foi CI2, 251
OxaIic acid, 1O foi SiIica, 262, 263
Oxygen (dissoIved), 218-224
eIecliode nelhod, 224
sanpIe coIIeclion, 218
Oxygen alsoiled - see Ieinanganale VaIue

3
Iaia-dinelhyI anino lenzaIdehyde soIulion, foi
hydiazine, 165
Iaianeleis lo le deleinined, 8-26
IailicIe counling, 225
Iallon-Reedeis indicaloi, foi Ca, 1O7
Ieicenl definilion, 61
Ieicenl sodiun, 27O-272
IeichIoiic acid digeslion, 65
Ieinanganale vaIue, 226-229
IeisuIfale digeslion, foi IO4, 237-238
IelioIeun elhei, 216
pH vaIue, 239-242
pH4 luffei soIulion, 24O
pH7 luffei soIulion, 241
pH9 luffei soIulion, 241
IhenoI disuIfonic acid, foi NO3, 198
IhenoIphlhaIein aIkaIinily, 74, 75
IhenoIphlhaIein indicaloi, 67, 74, 11O, 212,. 3O4
IhenoIs, 23O-233
inleinediale soIulion, 232
slock soIulion, 232
slandaidizalion, 232
voiking soIulion, 232
N-phenyI anlhianiIic acid foi iion, 172
1-phenyI-3nelhyI-5pyiazoIone ieagenl, foi CN, 145
Ihosphale, 234-238
inoiganic phosphales, 236
oilho phosphales, 235-236
slandaid soIulion, 235
slock soIulion, 235
lolaI phosphales, 237-238
Ihosphale luffei soIulion
foi annonia niliogen, 2O6
,QGH[

foi OD, 89
Ihosphale-cailonale luffei foi Hg, 193
Ihosphoiic acid, 221
1+3, 23O
1+9, 23O
Ioinls of sanpIing, 47
foi loiIei valei, 56
Iolassiun, 243
eIecliode nelhod, 243
fIane pholoneliic nelhod, 243
Iolassiun lionide soIulion, foi Hg, 193
Iolassiun chIoiide
slandaid soIulion foi eIecliicaI conduclivily, 147
Iolassiun chIoiopIalinale, 137
Iolassiun chionale foi SiIica, 262
Iolassiun chionale indicaloi, foi CI, 122
Iolassiun cyanide soIulion, foi Zn, 311
Iolassiun dichionale soIulion
O.O25N, foi COD, 118
O.25N, foi COD, 117, 249
Iolassiun feiiicyanide soIulion, foi phenoIs, 233
Iolassiun hydioxide, 12N, foi NO3, 199
Iolassiun iodale-iodide soIulion foi SO3, 294
Iolassiun iodide, 134
1O soIulion foi Ieinanganale vaIue, 228
15 soIulion foi As, 84
slock soIulion, foi iodide, 167
voiking slandaid, foi iodide, 167
Iolassiun peinanganale soIulion,
O.O125ON, 227
O.125ON, 226
O.1N, 132
O.2N, foi Iion, 17O
5 foi Hg, 193
Iolassiun peisuIfale
foi Ci, 134
foi Hg, 193
Iolassiun suIfale, 212
Iolassiun lhiocyanale soIulion
foi Iodide, 167
foi Iion, 17O
Iolalo-dexliose Agai, 397
IieIininaiy acid digeslion of sanpIe, 64
Iiepaialion of diIulions, foi OD, 91-92
Iiepaialion of Media, 355-358
Iieseivalion of sanpIes, 51, 52-54
IiolalIe conlinalions, 313-326
IioleoIylic lacleiia, 335, 387
Iuckoiius ScaIing Index, 179
Iyiidine, 145
Iyiidine-IyiazoIone ieagenl, foi CN, 145

5
Radio aclivily, lesls foi, 6
Reducing soIulion, foi SiIica, 263
Refeience soIulion, foi I, 151
ResiduaI CheIanl (LDTA), 244-247
ResiduaI ChIoiine, 248-252
iodoneliic nelhod, 249-25O
oilholoIidine nelhod, 25O-252
ResiduaI Sodiun Cailonale (RSC), 253-256
Ringei soIulion (Quailei slienglh), 352, 364
Ryznai SlaliIily Index, 175-178

6
SanpIe conlainei, 46
foi loiIei valei, 57
SanpIing of loiIei valei, 56-59
SanpIing of indusliiaI effIuenls, 51-52
SanpIing of valei
foi chenicaI anaIysis, 44-55
foi niciolioIogicaI anaIysis, 359-362
Seed foi OD diIulion valei, 9O
SeIeniun, 257-259
inleinediale soIulion, 258
slandaid soIulion, 258
slock soIulion, 258
SellIealIe soIids, see SoIids (sellIelaIe)
SiIica, 26O-264
heleiopoIy lIue nelhod, 263-264
noIyldo siIicale nelhod, 261-263
SiIica
slandaid soIulion, 264
slock soIulion, 263
SiIl Densily Index, (SDI), 265
SiIvei, 267-268
slock soIulion, 267
voiking soIulion, 267
SiIvei dielhyI dilhio cailanale
O.5 soIulion, foi As, 85
SiIvei niliale soIulion
O.O282N foi CI, 122
1N, foi Ci, 134
SiIvei niliale-niliic acid ieagenl, 286
Skinned niIk, 387
SIine foining oiganisns, 337-338, 399-4OO
Sodiun, 269-275
fIane pholoneliic nelhod, 269-27O
ion seIeclive eIecliode nelhod, 27O
slock soIulion, 27O
Sodiun acelale luffei soIulion
foi AI, 81
foi Ie
2+
, 173
foi NO2, 2O2
Sodiun Adsoiplion Ralion (SAR), 273-275
Sodiun aisenile soIulion, 152, 251
Sodiun azide soIulion
foi Ci, 132
,QGH[

foi Oxygen (dissoIved), 221

Sodiun cailonale soIulion
1N, 74
2O, 297
Sodiun chIoiide soIulion O.O282N, foi CI, 122
Sodiun chIoiide soIulion, foi iodide, 167
Sodiun ciliale soIulion
foi Cu, 14O
foi Ni, 196
foi Zn, 3O9, 311
Sodiun dielhyI dilhio-cailanale soIu
foi Cu, 142
foi Ag, 268
Sodiun hydioxide-polassiun cyanide soIulion- I,
foi Cd,1O3
Sodiun hydioxide-polassiun cyanide soIulion- II,
foi Cd, 1O3
Sodiun hydioxide soIulion
O.O227N, foi CO2, 11O
O.O2N, 67
O.1N, 3O4
O.5N, 144
1N, 1O7, 122
6N, 1O3, 187
12N, foi NO3, 199
4, 258
5O, 212
Sodiun polassiun lailiale, foi Cd, 1O3
Sodiun sIip, deln, 276
Sodiun suIfide inhililoi, foi haidness, 159
Sodiun suIfide soIulion-I, foi Zn, 311
Sodiun suIfide soIulion-II, foi Zn, 311
Sodiun suIfile soIulion, 2O6
Sodiun lhiosuIfale soIulion
O.OO25N, 25O
O.O125N, 227
O.O25ON, 128, 221
O.125ON, 227
O.1N, 221, 249
25 foi Zn, 3O9
SoIids, 278-284
dissoIved, 28O-281
sellIealIe, 283-284
suspended, 281-283
lolaI, 279-28O
SoIulIe aIkaIinily, 78
SpeciaI ieagenl, foi Mn, 19O
SlaliIizing soIulion, foi Mg, 187
Slandaid IIale Counl, 363-367
Slannous chIoiide soIulion
4O foi As, 85
15 foi iion, 172
2.5 foi IO4, 235
Slaich indicaloi soIulion, 128, 222, 228, 249, 294
Slean puiily, deln, 327-329
conduclivily nelhod, 327
SuIfanic acid
foi COD, 118
foi Ci, 134
SuIfaniIic acid soIulion, foi NO2, 2O2
SuIfale, 285-289
giavineliic nelhod, 285-287
luilidineliic nelhod, 287-289
slandaid soIulion, 288
SuIfale-ieducing lacleiia, 336, 393-394
SuIfale-ieducing nediun (Slaikeys nediun), 393
SuIfide, 29O-292
SuIfile, 293-294
SuIfuiic acid
O.O2N, 74, 81, 186, 213
O.25N, 193
1+1, 216, 291, 294 3O4
1+3, 228
1ON, 134
6N, 83
1N, 64, 67, 74, 122
2N, 172
conc, 117, 132, 167, 191, 192, 212, 221
SuIfuiic acid-niliic acid digeslion, foi IO4, 216
SuIfuiic acid-niliic acid soIulion, foi IO4, 235
SuIfuiic acid-siIvei suIfale ieagenl, foi COD, 117
SuIfui-oxidizing lacleiia, 337, 395-396
Suifaclanls (anionic), 295-296
Suspended soIids, see SoIids (suspended)

T
Taking lhe sanpIe - see Melhod of laking sanpIe
Tannin and Lignin, 297-298
slandaid lannin soIulion, 297
slock lannin soIulion, 297
Tannin-Lignin ieagenl, 297
Tailaiic acid 2 soIulion, foi Cd, 1O3
Tenpeialuie, 299
Tesl foi ThiolaciIIus lhiooxidans, 395, 396
Tesl foi ThiolaciIIus lhiopaius, 395, 396
TheinophiIic lacleiia, 335, 389
ThynoI lIue indicaloi, foi Cd, 1O3
Tidys lesl, see Ieinanganale VaIue
Tine inleivaI lelveen coIIeclion and anaIysis, 51
ToIune, foi Se, 258
TolaI acidily, 68
TolaI aIkaIinily, 75
TolaI acleiiaI Counl, 333-334, 363-367
TolaI Ionic Slienglh Adjuslnenl uffei
(TISA) foi I, 155
TolaI KjeIdahI Niliogen, 212-213
TolaI soIids, 279-28O
Tiilulyiin agai, 388
Tuilidily, 3OO-3O2
,QGH[

Tuilidily suspension
slandaid, 3O1
slock, 3O1
voiking slandaid, 3O2

9
VoIaliIe acids, 3O3-3O7
diiecl disliIIalion nelhod, 3O4-3O5
slean disliIIalion nelhod, 3O5-3O7

:
Walei foi anaIylicaI Ialoialoiy use, 41-43

;
XyIenoI oiange soIn foi lolaI cheIanl, 246

<
Yeasl and nouId, 337, 397-398
Yeasl exliacl agai, 363, 387

=
Zinc, 3O8-312
2O-3O nesh, foi As, 84
nixed coIoi nelhod, 3O8-31O
nono coIoi nelhod, 311-312
slock soIulion, 3O9
voiking soIulion, 3O9
ZiiconyI chIoiide foi lolaI cheIanl
slock soIn, 246
voiking soIn, 246

5HIHUHQFHV

5()(5(1&(6
1. Edwin Windle Taylor "THE EXAMINATION OF WATERS AND WATER SUPPLIES -
6
th
Edition - 1949, J&A. Churchill Ltd, London.

2. E.B. Sandell "COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF METALS - 3
rd

edition - 1959. Inter Science Publishers Inc., New York.

3. Leo.I.Pincus "PRACTICAL BOILER WATER TREATEMENT - 1962, McGraw Hill
Book Co., New York.

4. Louis Meites (ed), "HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - 1963, McGraw-
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