Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.37

A 1 m3 container is filled with 400 kg of granite stone, 200 kg dry sand and 0.2 m3 of liquid 25C water. Use properties from tables A.3 and A.4. Find the average specific volume and density of the masses when you exclude air mass and volume. Solution: Specific volume and density are ratios of total mass and total volume. mliq = Vliq/vliq = Vliq liq = 0.2 m3 997 kg/m3 = 199.4 kg mTOT = mstone + msand + mliq = 400 + 200 + 199.4 = 799.4 kg Vstone = mv = m/ = 400 kg/ 2750 kg/m3 = 0.1455 m3 Vsand = mv = m/ = 200/ 1500 = 0.1333 m3 VTOT = Vstone + Vsand + Vliq = 0.1455 + 0.1333 + 0.2 = 0.4788 m3

v = VTOT / mTOT = 0.4788/799.4 = 0.000599 m3/kg = 1/v = mTOT/VTOT = 799.4/0.4788 = 1669.6 kg/m3

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.42

A valve in a cylinder has a cross sectional area of 11 cm2 with a pressure of 735 kPa inside the cylinder and 99 kPa outside. How large a force is needed to open the valve? Fnet = PinA PoutA = (735 99) kPa = 6996 kPa cm2 = 6996 = 700 N kN m2 10-4 m2
cb

11 cm2

Pcyl

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.46

A piston/cylinder with cross sectional area of 0.01 m2 has a piston mass of 100 kg resting on the stops, as shown in Fig. P2.46. With an outside atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, what should the water pressure be to lift the piston? Solution: The force acting down on the piston comes from gravitation and the outside atmospheric pressure acting over the top surface. Force balance: F = F = PA = mpg + P0A

Now solve for P (divide by 1000 to convert to kPa for 2nd term) mpg 100 9.80665 kPa P = P0 + A = 100 kPa + 0.01 1000 = 100 kPa + 98.07 kPa = 198 kPa
Water

cb

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.51

A 2.5 m tall steel cylinder has a cross sectional area of 1.5 m2. At the bottom with a height of 0.5 m is liquid water on top of which is a 1 m high layer of gasoline. This is shown in Fig. P2.51. The gasoline surface is exposed to atmospheric air at 101 kPa. What is the highest pressure in the water? Solution: The pressure in the fluid goes up with the depth as P = Ptop + P = Ptop + gh and since we have two fluid layers we get
0.5 m Air

1m

Gasoline

P = Ptop + [( h)gasoline + ( h)water] g The densities from Table A.4 are:

3 gasoline = 750 kg/m ; 3 water = 997 kg/m

Water

P = 101 + [750

1 + 997

9.807 0.5] 1000 = 113.2 kPa

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.59

The density of atmospheric air is about 1.15 kg/m3, which we assume is constant. How large an absolute pressure will a pilot see when flying 2000 m above ground level where the pressure is 101 kPa. Solution: Assume g and are constant then the pressure difference to carry a column of height 1500 m is from Fig.2.10 P = gh = 1.15 kg/m3 9.807 ms-2 = 22 556 Pa = 22.6 kPa The pressure on top of the column of air is then P = P0 P = 101 22.6 = 78.4 kPa 2000 m

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.75

Two piston/cylinder arrangements, A and B, have their gas chambers connected by a pipe. Cross-sectional areas are AA = 75 cm2 and AB = 25 cm2 with the piston mass in A being mA = 25 kg. Outside pressure is 100 kPa and standard gravitation. Find the mass mB so that none of the pistons have to rest on the bottom. Solution:
Po P o

Force balance for both pistons: A: mPAg + P0AA = PAA B: mPBg + P0AB = PAB

F =F

cb

Same P in A and B gives no flow between them. mPBg mPAg + P0 = A + P0 A

A B

=> mPB = mPA AA/ AB = 25

25/75 = 8.33 kg

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

2.76

Two hydraulic piston/cylinders are of same size and setup as in Problem 2.75, but with negligible piston masses. A single point force of 250 N presses down on piston A. Find the needed extra force on piston B so that none of the pistons have to move. Solution: AA = 75 cm2 ; AB = 25 cm2 No motion in connecting pipe: PA = PB Forces on pistons balance
PA = P0 + FA / AA = PB = P0 + FB / AB FB = FA AA = 250 AB 25 75 = 83.33 N Po FA P o A
cb

FB

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