LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012 Name: Muhammad Faiz Bin Zulkeflee Matrix: KEU100023 Tutor: Norazmira

a Md Noh 1. Objective: To determine and study what is the Reynolds number. 2. Theory: In fluid mechanics, a number that indicates whether the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas) is absolutely steady (laminar flow) or on the average steady with small, unsteady changes (in turbulent flow) is the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number serves as a criterion of the type of fluid motion. In a pipe, for example, laminar flow normally exists at Reynolds numbers less than 2100, and turbulent flow at Reynolds numbers above about 4000. Studies have shown that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in tubes is not only a function of velocity but also of density and viscosity of the fluid flow in the tube. These variables are combined into the Reynolds number, which is dimensionless. Reynolds number can be calculated by equation,

Where Nre is the Reynolds number, D the diameter in meter, p the fluid density in kg/m3, u the fluid viscosity in Pa*s, and v the average velocity of the fluid in m/s (where average velocity is defined as the volumetric rate of the flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the pipe).1

Figure 1: Movement of the fluid

Theoretically this experiment are using dye to trace the movement of the liquid.

McCabe, W. L., and J. C. Smith, Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, 2 edition, McGraw-Hill, 1967. http://www.answer.con/topic/reynolds-number

nd

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012

Figure 2: Type of fluid flow (Turbulent)

Figure 3: Type of fluid flow (Laminar)

3. Equipment: Stop watch, 500mL measuring cylinder, LS-18001-15 pipe friction apparatus (5.3 8.3 11) and velocity-pressure meter. 4. Procedure: The water column is connected to the 5.3mm diameter if the tube and the pipe friction apparatus is one. The velocity-pressure meter is connected at both end of the tube to measure the pressure and velocity of water flow inside the tube. By controlling the water flow panel (the water flow and pressure), the reading is taken. Using the velocity-pressure meter to determine the constant velocity and pressure of the water flow and the stop watch is used to determine the time taken for the water filled the 500mL measuring cylinder. The experiment is repeated for eight different value of pressure and repeated for two more types of tube (5.3mm and 11.0mm). All of the data are tabulated into the table and displayed into some sort of graph. 5. Tabulation of data:

Inner Diameter (mm)

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5.3

Water Collected (ml) 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

Time taken (s) 21.60 17.91 15.55 13.88 12.74 11.70 10.30 9.98

Flow Rate (mL/s) 23.15 27.92 32.15 36.02 39.25 42.74 48.54 50.10

Flow Rate (m/s) 1.05 1.26 1.45 1.63 1.78 1.93 2.20 2.27

h (mmHg) 16.6 29.2 37.4 45.9 52.3 62.3 78.9 80.6

Reynolds Number 6155.97 7387.17 8501.11 9556.42 10435.84 11315.27 12898.23 13308.63

Friction Factor 0.0376 0.0459 0.0444 0.0431 0.0412 0.0417 0.0407 0.0390

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012

8.3

11.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

13.43 12.79 11.19 8.34 7.46 7.14 6.42 6.18 11.77 10.76 10.50 9.53 8.80 5.86 4.99 4.70

37.23 39.09 44.68 59.95 67.02 70.02 77.88 80.91 42.48 46.46 47.62 52.47 56.82 85.32 100.20 106.38

0.69 0.72 0.83 1.11 1.24 1.29 1.44 1.50 0.45 0.49 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.87 1.05 1.12

1.7 2.2 3.0 4.6 5.5 6.3 6.8 7.1 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.9

6335.18 6610.62 7620.58 10191.37 11384.96 11844.03 13221.24 13772.12 5475.66 5962.39 6084.07 6692.48 7300.88 10586.28 12776.55 13628.32

0.0139 0.0166 0.0170 0.0146 0.0140 0.0148 0.0128 0.0123 0.0077 0.0172 0.0373 0.0359 0.0345 0.0205 0.0160 0.0161

The length of the pipe, L Roughness of copper, Kinematic viscosity of water fluid at 25C, v
6. Computation:

= 0.425 m = 0.002 mm = 9.04 x10-7 m2/s

Given Surface area of pipe, A r2 Density of water, 1 kg/m3 Length of pipe, L 0.425 m Roughness of copper, 0.002 mm Coefficient of kinematic viscosity of fluid 9.04 x 10-7 m2/s at 25C, v 5.3 mm Surface area of pipe, A = r2 = x [(5.3 x 10-3) / 2]2 = 2.21 x 10-5 m20 Flow rate, V = water collected / time taken = 500 ml / 21.60 s = 23.15 ml/s Flow rate, V = flow rate in m3/s / surface area = 23.15 x 10-6 m3/s / 2.21 x 10-5 = 1.05 m/s Kinematic Viscosity, v =/

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012

Reynolds Number, Re

Friction factor, ff (turbulent)

Surface area of pipe, A

Flow rate, V

Flow rate, V

Kinematic Viscosity, v

Reynolds Number, Re

Friction factor, ff (turbulent)

Surface area of pipe, A

Flow rate, V

Flow rate, V

Kinematic Viscosity, v

Reynolds Number, Re

Friction factor, ff (turbulent)

= 9.04 x 10-7 / 1.0 = 9.04 x 10-7 = VD/v = (1.05 x 5.3 x 10-3) / 9.04 x 10-7 = 6155.97 = (2Dh) / (pV2L) [2 x (5.3 x 10-3) x 1.66] / (1.0 x 1.052 x 0.425) = 0.0376 8.3 mm = r2 = x [(8.3 x 10-3) / 2]2 = 5.41 x 10-5 m20 = water collected / time taken = 500 ml / 13.43 s = 37.23 ml/s = flow rate in m3/s / surface area = 37.23 x 10-6 m3/s / 5.41 x 10-5 = 0.69 m/s =/ = 9.04 x 10-7 / 1.0 = 9.04 x 10-7 = VD/v = (0.69 x 8.3 x 10-3) / 9.04 x 10-7 = 6335.18 = (2Dh) / (pV2L) [2 x (8.3 x 10-3) x 0.17] / (1.0 x 0.692 x 0.425) = 0.0139 11.0 mm = r2 = x [(11.0 x 10-3) / 2]2 = 9.50 x 10-5 m20 = water collected / time taken = 500 ml / 11.77 s = 42.48 ml/s = flow rate in m3/s / surface area = 42.48 x 10-6 m3/s / 9.50 x 10-5 = 0.45 m/s =/ = 9.04 x 10-7 / 1.0 = 9.04 x 10-7 = VD/v = (0.45 x 11.0 x 10-3) / 9.04 x 10-7 = 5475.66 = (2Dh) / (pV2L) = [2 x (11.0 x 10-3) x 0.03] / (1.0 x 0.452 x 0.425) = 0.0077

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012

5.3 mm 8.3 mm 11.0 mm

Relative Roughness = / D = 0.002 x 10-3 / 5.3 x 10-3 = 3.77 x 10-4 = 0.002 x 10-3 / 8.3 x 10-3 = 2.41 x 10-4 = 0.002 x 10-3 / 11.0 x 10-3 = 1.82 x 10-4

7. Graph:

Graph of Friction Factor versus Reynolds Number

0.05 0.045 0.04 0.035 Friction Factor 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Reynolds Number 5.3mm 8.3 mm 11.0 mm

8. Discussion: From the experiment, we noticed that the friction factors for all three type of the tube are turbulent; 0.0376 (5.3mm), 0.0139 (8.3mm) and 0.0077 (11.0mm). In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equation based on experimental data and theory for the Darcy friction factor. For laminar flow (Renolds number less than 2000), the Darcy friction factor is equal to the 64 integer value divided by the Reynolds number. 2

Serghides, T.K (1984). "Estimate friction factor accurately". Chemical Engineering 91 (5): 6364. Serghides' solution is also mentioned http://www.cheresources.com/colebrook2.shtml

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012 The rate of flow is changed by the pressure of the machine. Once the pressure of the machine is increase, the rate of water filled the beaker cylinder is increase. In the changed of diameter of the pipe tube, as the diameter is increasing, the Reynolds number keeps on decreasing. According to the theory, the friction factor keep in decreasing once the Reynolds number keeps on increasing. Moody diagram is used to predict the pressure drops.

Figure 4: Moody Diagram

From the graph we obtained, there is a lot of error since the experimental moody diagram does not same as the theoretically moody diagram. The error could be the leakage of the apparatus since we are the last group for the lab experiment. There must be broken part or the gauge which control the pressure and the volume of water flow is loses. 9. Conclusion: From the experiment, the Reynolds number is the dimensionless number that indicates the ratio of inertial forces to viscous force. Even though the result we got is not accurate at all, but we achieved our main objective which is to determine and study more about the Reynolds number. There are several error during the experiment which can not be 10. References: Laminar, Transitional, Turbulent Flow. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 March, 2012, from Engineering ToolBox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/laminar-transitionalturbulent-flow-d_577.html

Batchelor, G. K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211215.

LAB 8 REYNOLDS NUMBER April 24, 2012 Laboratory KUEU 2174. (2012). University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur: Department of Biomedical Engineering. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.html Harmen Koffeman 1992, http://www.aerodrag.com/Articles/ReynoldsNumber.htm Pozrikidis, C., Fluid dynamics: Theory, computation, and numerical simulation, Springer, 2009. Versteeg, H. K. (Henk Kaarle), An introduction to computational fluid dynamcis: the finite volume method, pearson/prentice hall, 2007.