National Project Service Unit (NPSU) MOA MERET PROJECT

Basic GIS Training Exercise Manual

By Henok Mulugeta

November, 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management Table of Contents
1. Exploring ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox................................ ................................ ..................... 1 1.1 Exploring ArcCatalog ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 1 Viewing data in ArcCatalog ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 1 Managing your data in ArcCatalog ................................ ................................ ........................ 2

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2

Exploring ArcMap ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 3 Displaying and viewing Spatial Datasets in ArcMap ................................ .............................. 3 Changing how features are drawn ................................ ................................ .......................... 5

1.2.2 1.2.3

1.2.4 Adding labels to a map ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 5 1.2.4 Displaying Attribute tables behind the maps ................................ ................................ .......... 5

1.2.5 Querying data in ArcMap ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 6 1.2.6 Advanced Query ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 6 1.3 Exploring ArcToolbox ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 8 1.3.1 Creating Buffer zones................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 8 1.3.2 Overlay Analysis:................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 8 1.3.3 Changing projection from one coordinate system to another................................ ....................... 9 2. Georeferencing ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 10 3. Create and edit features using a variety of Arc map editing tools ................................ ............................. 11 3.1 Creating new features................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 11 3.1.1 Create your shapefile in ArcCatalog................................ ................................ ............................ 11 3.1.2 Creating new features in ArcMap ................................ ................................ ............................... 11 3.2 4. Editing existing features ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 12

Create and edit metadata ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 13 4.1 Adding documentation ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 13 4.2 Using Model Builder................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 14

5. Cartographic Applications of ArcGIS................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 16 5.1 Working with Symbology in ArcMap ................................ ................................ ................................ . 16 5.1.1 Classifying data ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 16 5.2 Symbolizing data in Arc map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 17 5.2.1 Symbolizing point data ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 17 5.2.2 Symbolizing linear data ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 17 ii E-mail:- henamulu@gmail.com : - henamulu@yahoo.com Mob:- 0913186182

MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management

5.2.3 Symbolizing Areal data ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 17 5.2.4 Create Custom symbols................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 17 5.3 Preparing Map Layout................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 18 5.3.1 Converting labels to map document annotation................................ ................................ ......... 18 5.3.2 Switching to Layout View ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 19 5.3.3 Setting the page size and printer properties................................ ................................ ............... 19 5.3.4 Resizing and moving data frame................................ ................................ ................................ . 20 5.4 Inserting Legend, Scale bar, Title ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 20 5.4.1 Adding a scalebar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 20 5.4.2 Adding a North arrow................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 20 5.4.3 Adding a legend ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 20 5.4.4 Adding a title................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 21 5.5 Inserting Grids and Graticules ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 21 5.6 Creating a graph and adding it to a layout................................ ................................ ......................... 22 5.7 Printing a map ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 22 5.7.1 Saving a map as a map template ................................ ................................ ................................ 22 5.7.2 Exporting your map to other file formats ................................ ................................ ................... 22 5.8 Work with map templates................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 23 5.8.1 Opening a temple when you first start ArcMap ................................ ................................ .......... 23 5.8.2 Opening a new template while in ArcMap................................ ................................ .................. 23 6. Extensions of ArcGIS 9.x................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 24 6.1 ArcGIS Spatial Analyst ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 24 6.1.1Setting the working directory................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 24 6.1.2 Distance Measurements................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 25 6.1.3 Calculating Density................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 25 6.1.4 Surface Analysis ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 26 6.1.5 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)................................ ................................ ................................ .... 26 7. Hydrological Applications of GIS in Watershed Management ................................ .............................. 27 7.1 7.2 Watershed Delineation ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 27 How to delineate a watershed................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 28

8. Using handled GPS................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 29 iii E-mail:- henamulu@gmail.com : - henamulu@yahoo.com Mob:- 0913186182

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8.1 collect the data ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 29

8.2 Store the data on the GPS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 30 8.3 Map in ArcGIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 30 8.4 8.5 Digitizing ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 32 How to calculate area ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 34

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1. Exploring ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox

The ArcCatalog application helps you to organize and manage all of your GIS data. It includes tools for browsing and finding geographic information, recording, and viewing metadata, quickly viewing any dataset, and defining the schema structure for your geographic data layers.

1.1 Exploring ArcCatalog

1.1.1 Viewing data in ArcCatalog

1) Start Programs ArcGISArcCatalog. 2) In the catalog tree navigate to D: or C: drive (depending on your working drive) and click the plus sign next to it to expand the contents. 3) Click the plus sign next to folder Meret Training\ Data \GIS\Administration\ to view the contents of the folder, and then click Ethio_Weredaor Amhara_Wereda shapefile 4) Click preview tab. Now the Ethio _Wereda/Amhara_Wereda shapefile is displayed

5) Click the Preview dropdown arrow and click Table

MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management

Now you can see the feature attribute table for the Amhara_Wereda shapefile. To view the metadata (i.e. data about data) Click metadata tab, then Click Description for example, purpose of the data Click Spatial and view for example, the coordinate system used Click Attributes and view attributes such as FID, SHAPE and etc

Ex. Apply the above procedure for the rest of the data in Meret Training\ Data\GIS\...\ folders

1.1.2 Managing your data in ArcCatalog

1.1.2.1 Creating a new folder 1. Right-click D: Meret Training drive point to

New, and click Folder. 2. Rename the folder by typing GIS_Proj over the highlighted text. 3. Press Enter.

1.1.2.2 Copying an item 1. Click Meret Training \Data\GIS\Administration folder to list its content Select all contents of Meret Training \Data\GIS\Administration

except Topo250.tif and click the Copy button or (Ctrl + C) or right-click on the selected files to copy the files 3. Click the Meret Training \GIS_Proj folder and click the Paste button (Ctrl + V). 4. Click on Meret training\GIS_Proj and see data copied to the folder
1.1.2.3 Renaming an item 1. Click River shapefile in the folder Hydrology then click File and click Rename by typing Amhara_river then press Enter 1.1.2.4 Deleting an item 1. Click the Gambela_Towns shapefile in the folder Infrastructure 2. Click the Delete button to delete. Note: Once you delete an item you cannot undo the delete. So, be careful! 2 E-mail:- henamulu@gmail.com : - henamulu@yahoo.com Mob:- 0913186182

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1.2 Exploring ArcMap ArcMap is the primary ArcGIS application for displaying, querying, editing, creating, and analyzing data.
1.2.2 Displaying and viewing Spatial Datasets in ArcMap 1. Start Programs ArcGIS ArcMap 2. Or if you have a shortcut for ArcMap on your desktop double- click to start it 2. The ArcMap startup dialog appears click on A new empty map, click OK
An empty ArcMap window appears

Notice the following window with its various components. There are different ways of accessing commands in Arcmap: using the Menu bar, Toolbar and short cuts.

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3. Click "Add data" button on the ArcMap toolbar to add data 4. In the add data dialog navigate to D:.\Amhara_proj\ 5. Click Amhara_wereda ,Amhara_River, Amhara_zones click Add data to display Or you can drag and drop these data from ArcCatalog. 6. Right-click Amhara_River and Amhara_zones one by one and click remove to remove the data from ArcMap

Exploring data in ArcMap

You can explore a map in several ways. The Tools toolbar contains frequently used tools that let you navigate around the map, find features, and get information about them. 1. Click the Zoom In button and Drag a box around one of the files in ArcMap to zoom in to it. When you drag a box on the map after clicking the Zoom In button, the map zooms to the new area.
2. Click the Zoom out button to reduce the size of your map 3. click the Back button to jump back to the previous map extent 4. Click the Full Extent button 5. Use the pan tool 6. Use the selection tool

and see the full extent of the map.

and move the map in the display window to select features on your map

Take measurement
1. Display Amara_wereda in ArcMap 2. Right- click in the display window of ArcMap and click properties 3. In the Data Frame Properties click General tab and set Display unit to Kilometers 4. Click Ok 5. Place the measure too at one corner of Amhara_wereda and click once 6. Move the pointer to the other corner and double click. The distance is reported on the status bar Note: You can save your work as a map document. Click on File save Browse to your working directory and type My First Doc Ok The Next time you start ArcMap click on An Existing Map and My First Doc
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1.2.3 Changing how features are drawn 1. Right-click Amhara_Wereda in the ArcMap table of contents and click Properties.
2. Click the Symbology tab on the Properties dialog box. Click Categories, and then click unique values. 3. For Value Field, click WEREDA and click Add All values 4. Click OK

1.2.4 Adding labels to a map

1. Right-click Amhara_Wereda in the table of contents. 2. Click properties 3. Click the Labels tab of the Layer Properties dialog box. 4. Click the dropdown arrow to select the label Field (Text String) and click WEREDA. 5. Check Label Features in this layer in the upper-left Corner of the dialog box and click OK. Ex. Define four label classes using the label method. Use Town shapefile. The classes are REGION, ZONE, WEREDA, and TOWN NAME

1.2.4 Displaying Attribute tables behind the maps

1. Right-click on the Amhara_Wereda from the Table of contents 2. Click Open Attribute Table 3. Click on the left-most cell at the beginning of a row to select it 4. Click the Selected button to move all of the selected records to the top so that you can view the information easily. 5. To clear what is selected, go to the Selection menu, Clear Selected Features. This will not remove the features, but just unselects them. 6. Close the attribute table
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1.2.5 Querying data in ArcMap
1.2.5.1 Querying a map using the identify button 1. Click on the identify button / /button from the ArcMap tools 2. Click anywhere inside Amhara wereda map 3. An information window pops up with info about the selected feature 1.2.5.2 Querying a map using the Find tool

1. Click the Find tool 2. In the find window, for find click DEBUB GONDER 3. For in, click Amhara_Zones 4. Right-click a raw in the context menu, then Select feature(s) option. The feature is selected
1.2.5.3 Exporting the Selected data Once you have selected a feature from a layer, you can export only the selected features to a new file. To do so: 1. Right click on Amhara_Zones in the table of contents 2. Click Data then click Export Data 3. Then navigate to D:\ Meret Training\GIS_Proj\then type Debub_Gonder_Zone as output file Name

1.2.6 Advanced Query

1.2.6.1 By Attributes 1. On the menu bar , click selection Select By attributes 2. For Layer, click Amhara_Zone 3. Method: Create a new selection 4. Double-click on ZONES in the Fields box 5. Click the = sign once from the list of operators 6. To get the complete list, Click on Get Unique values box 7. For unique values, double-click DEBUB GONDER 8. Click Apply 9. If any syntax error, click Clear and start again In the display areas; observe that DEBUB GONDER is highlighted 10. On the select by attribute dialog, click Close.

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1.2.6.2 Advanced Query by Location While the DEBUB GONDER is still selected 1) On the menu bar, click selection Select By Location 2) In the field I want to: choose select features from 3) Check Amhara_Wereda under the following layers 4) In the field that: select, are contained by 5) In the field the features in this layer: select, Amhara_Zone 6) Use selected features should be checked. 7) Click Apply, Close. 8) On the menu bar click Selection, and then Click Clear Selected Feature. This unselects the selected features! In the display areas; observe that all Amhara_Weredas in DEBUB GONDER are highlighted.

Ex. Apply the above procedures and do the same for other Oromia_Zone, SNNP_Zone, Tigray_Zone,. Etc

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1.3 Exploring ArcToolbox
ArcToolbox provides you with tools for data conversion, managing coordinate systems, changing map projection, Cartography Tools, Spatial Analyst Tools etc.
To start ArcToolBox, click on its button from ArcMap:

1.3.1 Creating Buffer zones Buffers create a zone of specified distance a feature. This allows analyzing proximity of other features. You can make buffers around point, line or polygon features.
1. Click on ArcToolbox window from the Toolbar of ArcMap 2. Double-Click on Analysis Tools Proximity Buffer 3. Click on Box in front of Input feature Browse D:\MeretTraining\Data\GIS\Infrastructure\Amhara_Roads.shp 4. Click on Box in front of Output feature Class Browse D:\...\GIS_Proj\and type 5kmRoad_buf as a file name 5. Select Kilometers for the distance Unit from the dropdown list under Linear Unit 6. Type the buffer distance =5 7. Choose any of the optional items OK

1.3.2 Overlay Analysis:

1.3.2.1 Intersect Overlay: This operation represents the Boolean AND operation. 1. Click the ArcToolbox Analysis Tools Overlay Intersect 2. Click the Browse button on the Input Features box, navigate to Amhara_Wereda and click Add. Do the same for Abybasin 3. In the Output Feature class box, navigate to the D:\...\GIS_Proj\ folder and type AmWeAb_Basin as the layer name 4. Click the Join Attributes dropdown arrow and click ALL. 5. Leave the remaining fields as default and click OK. 6. When the intersection Process is complete, close the Intersect window.
1.3.2.2 Clip one layer based on another 8 E-mail:- henamulu@gmail.com : - henamulu@yahoo.com Mob:- 0913186182

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Click on the ArcToolbox AnalysisTools Extract Clip 1. For input Features, navigate to D:\MERET TRAINING Data\Data\GIS\hydrology\ and select Ethio_Watershed 2. For Clip Features, navigate to D:\MERET TRAINING Data\Data\GIS\GIS_Proj\Administration\ and select Amhara_Zones 3. In the Output Feature class box, ensure the correct path (D:\...\GIS_Proj\) and type Amhara_Basin as the layer name. Then click OK 4. When the clipping process is completed, close the clip window.

1.3.3 Changing projection from one coordinate system to another

1. ArcToolbox Data Management Tools Projections and Transformations 2. Double-click on feature Project 3. Click the browse button and navigate to the D:\...\GIS_Proj\ folder and Click Abay_Basin.shp and click Add. 4. Click the Output Dataset or Feature Class browse button and navigate to D:\...\GIS_Proj\,then type Abay_Basin1.shp in the Name text box. 5. Click the button next to Output Coordinate System. The Spatial Reference Properties dialog box appears. 6. Click Predefined Projected Coordinate Systems Utm WGS 1984WGS 1984 UTM Zone 37N OK Or, you can click Import and choose the data source whose coordinate system you want to copy. Or, click New and define a new, custom coordinate system. 7. OK Close

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MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management 2. Georeferencing
This can be done with the Georeferencing toolbar
Add a raster image to your map from (D:\MERET TRAINING DATA\DATA\GI\Administration\Topo250.tif) 2. Click View Toolbars Georeferencing

3. Right-click on Topo250.tif in the table of contents to set the coordinate system 4. Click properties, then Click on Coordinate System 5. Select a coordinate system from the Predefined list: 6. Predefined Projected Coordinate Systems Utm WGS 1984 WGS 1984 UTM Zone 37N OK 7. Select Topo250.tif in the box in front of Layer: 8. Click on the align button sign

your cursor becomes a +

9. Click on the view Link Table button to display the points as you enter them 10. Uncheck the Box in front of Auto Adjust 11. Now start locating the GCPs Click at the location of the first GCP Right-click Input X and Y Enter the X and Y coordinates of the GCP OK (If you made a mistake while digitizing then right-click

Cancel point) Continue until you have located all the GCPs
(minimum of 4 points) 12. Click on Georeferencing Auto Adjust 13. if the map disappears from the view click on Full Extent button 14. See the Residuals (in map units) and Total RMS error in the Table 15. If Residual of some of the points is too high select that point and press delete 16. Re-digitize the GCP again and check again RMS error 17. If RMSE is acceptable, click on Georeferencing Rectify 18. In the output file name browse D:\...\GIS_Proj\.typeGeoref_Topo250 OK 19. You have georefernced your scanned map!! 20. You can now add your newly rectified image to your map.
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MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management 3. Create and edit features using a variety of Arc map editing tools
ArcMap is the application for creating and editing geographic data as well as tabular data. With ArcMap, you can edit shapefiles, coverages, and geodatabases all with one common user interface.

3.1 Creating new features

3.1.1 Create your shapefile in ArcCatalog

1. Open ArcCatalog
2. Navigate to D:\...\GIS_Proj\and create a folder called First_Project 3. Next Click the File menu (rightclickFirse_Project), point to New, and click Shapefile. 4. Click in the Name text box and type Road2008 for the new shapefile. 5. Click the Feature Type dropdown arrow and click polyline 6. Click Edit to define the shape files coordinate system. 7. Predefined Projected coordinate systems UtmWGS 1984 WGS 1984 UTM Zone 37N OK Or, you can click Import and choose the data source whose coordinate system you want to copy. Or, click New and define a new, custom coordinate system. 8. Check Coordinates will contain m values. 9. Click OK. The new shapefile appears in the folder's Contents. Ex. Apply the above procedure and create shapefiles (Rivers, Ethio bound, Awash_basin, and TigrayTowns)

3.1.2 Creating new features in ArcMap

a. Launch ArcMap b. Open an empty map and add Georef_Topo250.img by navigating to D:\...\GIS_Proj\ Add the new_shapefile you created in ArcCatalog from D:\...\GIS_Proj\ /Road2008.shp

c. Display the Editor Toolbar (if hidden): View Toolbar Editor

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d. Click on Editor Start Editing e. If you have Geodatabases and shapefiles in the same Layer, you need to choose which to edit when requested! f. Select Target Road2008 g. Select Task Create new feature h. You will now be able to add line feature using the sketch button. i. Use the left mouse button to start adding a feature: i. To add point features just click once ii. To add lines and polygon features add the vertices that make up the line segments j. Double-click to finish k. Right-click on the RED vertex while you are digitizing to get extra commands: i. Delete vertexremoves the last vertex you digitized ii. Flip takes you to the beginning of the sketch you are digitizing iii. Trim removes a user specified portion from the sketch you are digitizing iv. Delete Sketch removes the sketch you are digitizing l. Right-clicking somewhere else in the map window pops up another set of commands (try exploring what each of them would mean): i. Angle ii. Length iii. Absolute XY.. To set the snapping environment while digitizing: Editor Snapping Check any or all of the options (Vertex, Edge, and End) in front of the file you are currently editing Check all or any of the snapping options in the lower box You then need to set up the snapping distance options: Editor Options type the snapping tolerance in map unit meters finished click on Editor Stop Editing Yes Apply the same procedure and create shapefiles (Rivers, Boundary, Lakes and Towns)

3.2

Editing existing features

1. Task: Modify feature 2. Target: The feature class (shapefile) to be modified ( eg Road2008) 3. Click on Edit Button 4. Click on a feature (Road2008) to be modified (Notice that the vertices become visible)
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5. Click on any Vertex and Right-click on it 6. This pops up a number of editing commands Delete removes the selected vertex Trim removes a user-defined length from the selected feature Flip toggles between the start and end of the feature Properties displays the coordinates of the vertices that make up the selectedfeature 7. When finished click on Editor Stop Editing Yes

4. Create and edit metadata

1. Click the Tools menu and click Options. 2. Click the Metadata tab. 3. Click the Metadata Editor drop down arrow and click FGDC Editor Check the appropriate boxes to have the Catalog automatically create or update metadata. Or uncheck it if you want to create or update metadata manually. 4.Click OK.

4.1 Adding documentation

5. In the Catalog tree navigate to D:\...\GIS_Proj\ Administration\and Click Road2008 6. Click the Edit Metadata button on the Metadata toolbar. 7. The metadata editor displayed. 8. Click Identification. Here you can see: 1. Abstract REQUIRED: A brief narrative summary of the data set. Here in the box write: This data was created from topographic map of Ethiopia lake Abasamuel area in the year 2011. Source: Topographic map: Air photography, 1980. 2. Purpose REQUIRED: A summary of the intentions with which the data set was developed. Here in the box write: The data was produced for training purpose at GSE, October 2011 9. Save and close the metadata editor. 10. Click Description tab and read your document that you edit by clicking Abstract and Purpose In this way by clicking on each tab of the metadata editor you can edit/create the information to be documented 11. Click Spatial and Attributes one by one and see the documentation. These documents are created automatically

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4.2 Using Model Builder
Click the Show/Hide ArcToolbox button on the toolbar to display in the ArcMap. The Model Builder window is the interface you use to create models in ArcGIS. A Model Builder window is displayed immediately when you create a new model. 1. Right-click the ArcToolbox folder and click New Toolbox. 2. Right-click the new toolbox that is added and click Rename. Type My Tools as the new toolbox name and press Enter. 3. Right-click My Tools, point to New, and click Model. A new Model Builder window opens, allowing you to start building your model.

Tips: The toolbar gives you quick access to much of

the available functionality in the Model Builder menus and more. There are multiple ways to add data and tools to a model. Click the Add Data or Tools button and add data, or drag input data from the ArcCatalog tree or layers from the table of contents of any ArcGIS Desktop application having a display. Alternatively, supply the input data parameter values inside the tools dialog box.

4. Click and drag Lake tana from the table of contents and drop in the Model Builder window. Lake tana is automatically displayed as a blue oval, indicating that it is an input variable. Drag the oval to the left side of the window. 5. Double-click Analysis Tools in ArcToolbox, double-click Proximity, and drag and drop the Buffer tool in the ModelBuilder window. When you add the Buffer tool, it automatically creates a derived data elementin this case the output Feature class. Both the tool and derived data elements stay white, indicating that the tool is in a not-ready-to run state until it is connected to input data. 6. Click the Add Connection button on the Model toolbar .

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7. Click and drag a line from Laketana to the Buffer tool. All model elements should now be shown in color. The input element is displayed in a blue oval, the tool is displayed in a yellow rectangle, and the output element is displayed in a green oval. 8. Double-click the Buffer tool in the model. The Buffer tool dialog box appears. The input Features dialog box is already filled in for you. 9. In the Output Feature class text box, type or browse to the path to the GIS_proj and type 3kmLakebuf as the layer name. 10. Type 3000 in the linear unit field and click the units dropdown menu to change from Unknown to Meters. 11. Click the dropdown arrow for Dissolve Type and click ALL, then click OK. 12. Click the Model dropdown menu on the toolbar and click Run. The Buffer tool will flash red while processing 13. Right-click the 3kmLakebuf.shp data element and click Add To Display. 14. Click the General tab and type Buffer_ analysis in the Name text box and Buffering in the Label text box, and then click OK. 15. Click the Model menu and click Save.

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5. Cartographic Applications of ArcGIS

5.1 Working with Symbology in ArcMap
5.1.1 Classifying data ArcMap provides various means of symbolizing your data.
5.1.1.1 Setting a standard classification method 1. Start ArcMap and add Amhara_Wereda to your ArcMap 2. Right-click on Amhara_wereda in the table of contents and click Properties. 3. Click the Symbology tab and click Quantities. 4. Click the Value dropdown arrow and click POPTOT 5. Click the Normalization dropdown arrow and click AREA ArcMap divides this field into the Value to create a ratio. 6. Click Classify. 7. Click the Method dropdown arrow and click the classification method you want to use (in this case use Natural Breaks). 8. Click the Classes dropdown arrow and click the number of classes you want to display (in this case use 8). 9. Click OK on the Classification dialog box.

10. Click OK on the Layer Properties dialog box

5.1.1.2 Editing a class range 11. Display and Right-click Amhara_Wereda in the table of contents and click Properties. 12. Click the Symbology tab. 13. Click the Range you want to edit (as an example, 0.000064871). 14. Make sure to click the Range, not the Label. 15. Type a new value (0.000064869). 16. This sets the upper value of the range. 17. Click OK. 5.1.1.3 Deleting a class break 18. Display and Right-click the Amhara_Wereda in the table of contents and click Properties. 19. Click the Symbology tab and click Classify. 20. Click the class break you want to delete (0.0002632). 21. The selected break is highlighted. 22. Right-click the histogram and click Delete Break, then click OK

5.1.1.4 Excluding features from the classification 23. Display and Right-click Amhara_Wereda in the table of contents and click Properties. 24. Click the Symbology tab and click Classify.
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25. Click Exclusion. 26. Double-click POPTOT on the Query tab. 27. Click an operator (<=). 28. Click Get Unique Values and double-click 9999. 29. Click OK to execute the expression and exclude values.

5.2 Symbolizing data in Arc map

5.2.1 Symbolizing point data
1. Display and Click Tigray_Towns symbol in the table of contents of ArcMap, and then symbol selector is displayed 2. From symbol selector, select Triangle1 by clicking on it once, 3. Click on the properties tab, and then edit your symbol in the symbol property editor 4. Click OK

5.2.2 Symbolizing linear data

1. Display and Click Oromiya_Road symbol in the table of contents of ArcMap, then symbol selector is displayed 2. From symbol selector, select Major Road by clicking on it once, and click on the properties tab, then edit your symbol in the symbol property editor 3. Click OK

5.2.3 Symbolizing Areal data

1. Display and Click SNNPR_Zones symbol in the table of contents of ArcMap, and then symbol selector is displayed 2. From symbol selector, Grey symbol by clicking on it, and then click on the properties tab, then edit your symbol in the symbol property editor 3. Click ok

5.2.4 Create Custom symbols

You can use the Style Manager to create a new symbol from scratch or you can modify an existing symbol. The Style Manager lets you organize styles and their contents (symbols and map elements). You can cut, copy, paste, rename, and modify any style contents and you can create new styles, symbols, and map elements.
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1. Click the Tools menu, point to Styles, and then click Style Manager. 2. Click the Style type in the left panel (eg Marker Symbols) 3. Right Click anywhere in the right panel, then click Create New and edit properties. 4. Navigate to the programs Styles folder. 5. Type the name for the new style youre creating. 6. Click Save. To modify an existing symbol; right-click on it in the style manager and access its properties. Both actions will activate the Symbol Property Editor that will allow you to set the type of symbol, the color, style, size, and so forth, for each layer that will comprise the symbol.

Presenting data (create maps, reports, and graphs)

5.3 Preparing Map Layout
A map is composed of one or more data frames (and data) arranged on the page, plus one or more other map elements. Simple maps usually have only a single data frame. 3. Open ArcMap 4. Navigate to D:\GSE2008\GIS_Project\ and Add data available for a given specific region for example Amhara_Zones, Amhara_Road, Amhara_Town, River and Laketana

Save your map as a map document (.mxd)

5. Click File and click Save As. 6. Navigate to the specified folder. 7. Type Document name (Amhara2008). Click Save. 8. Classify, symbolize and Label the displayed data. Here, you cant manage your Labels since they are not editable in ArcMap, therefore; you have to change labels to annotation to edit as you like. Follow the following procedures to convert labels to annotation

5.3.1 Converting labels to map document annotation

1. In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the Amhara_Zones after labeling it 2. Click Convert Labels to Annotation. 3. For the Store Annotation option, click in the map. 4. Click features in current extent to create the annotation. 5. Click the name of the annotation group to change it. You can specify a new or existing annotation group. 6. Some labels may not currently display on the map because there is no room for them. To convert these labels, check the Convert unplaced labels box. This saves the unplaced labels in the map document,
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allowing you to later position them one at a time. 7. Click Convert. 8. Double-Click annotation in the ArcMap, and then you can modify it 9. Save your map

5.3.2 Switching to Layout View

1. Click View menu Layout View or Click on layout button screen of ArcMap. on the bottom

Notice that the menu bar changes. Now you can change the page layout and other features of your map. While viewing the layout, a Layout toolbar appears. These tools can be used to navigate around the map layout. Note: Once you are in toolbar to zoom your map. To move the maps inside Layout view, you have to use this the Layout data frame use the Pan

Button from the Tools

5.3.3 Setting the page size and printer properties

1. Click the Name dropdown arrow and click the printer you want to use. 2. Right-click the Map and click, Page and Print Setup.

3. Click the Printer Paper Size dropdown arrow and

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click 3A paper size 4. Checked The Use Printer Paper Settings. 5. Click Landscape orientation under Printer Setup Paper 6. Click OK.

5.3.4 Resizing and moving data frame

1. Click the Select Elements arrow button ToolBar. from the Tools

2. Click the data frame to select it. The data frame is now outlined with a dashed line and has selection handles at its corners and edges. 3. Click the center of the data frame and drag it to the direction you want the layout. 4. Point to the selection handle at the lower-right corner of the data frame. The mouse pointer becomes a two pointed resize arrow. Click the corner and drag it to any direction.

5.4 Inserting Legend, Scale bar, Title

5.4.1 Adding a scalebar
1. Click on View menu Data frame properties 2. Cilick on General tab 3. Select Meters for both Map and Display ok 4. On the Insert menu, click Scale Bar. 5. Click one of the Scalebars and click OK. 6. Click the Scalebar and drag it to where you want to place 7. Resize it if needed

5.4.2 Adding a North arrow

1. Click the Insert menu and click North Arrow. 2. The North Arrow Selector dialog box appears. 3. Click one of the North arrows and click OK. 4. Click the North arrow and drag it to the empty space resize if necessary

5.4.3 Adding a legend

1. Click the Insert menu and click Legend. The Legend Wizard appears. 2. You can select items to be included in your legend using the above window. Select an item from the left and click > to add it to your legend. Select an item from the right and click <
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to remove it from your legend. 3. Click Next several times to step through the wizard, accepting the default legend parameters. Click Finish when done. 4. The legend appears on your map. 5. Click the legend and drag it to the appropriate place. 6. Resize to appropriate size 7. Double-click on the legend to edit it. You can modify the legend style, change number of columns for the legend for each element,

5.4.4 Adding a title

9. Click the Insert menu and click Title. 10. Click the title and type Amhara Zones 11. Resize as necessary

5.5 Inserting Grids and Graticules

Accessing the grid/graticule wizard 1. Click the View menu and click Data Frame Properties. 2. Click the Grids tab. 3. Click the New Grid button: Defining the graticule 4. In the Grid/Graticule wizard, click the Measured Grid option. 5. Type a name for the resulting grid. This name will appear in the list of grids in the Data Frame Properties dialog box. 6. Follow the steps in the wizard and click Next as you complete each panel. 7. Click Finish. Note: Once you have created Grids and Graticules, you can modify their properties: View Data Frame Properties Grids click on the Grid or Graticule Properties Make your changes OK

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5.6 Creating a graph and adding it to a layout
1. Click the Tools menu, point to Graphs, and click Create. 2. Click the Graph type (column) and subtype you want. 3. Click Next. 4. Click the dropdown arrow and SNNPR_Zone/Tigray_Zone/Oromia_Zone/Amhara_Zones. 5. Check to graph only the selected features or records. 6. Check AREA and use the arrow keys to order your columns. 7. Click an option to graph data series using Records or Fields. 8. Click Next. 9. Type a title for the graph (Amhara Zones ) 10. Check Label X Axis With, then click the dropdown arrow and click ZONES. 11. Check Show Legend. 12. Check Show Graph on Layout. 13. Click Finish. 14. Save

click

5.7 Printing a map

1. Click File and click Print. The Print dialog box appears. You can change the default printer by clicking Setup. 2. Click OK.

5.7.1 Saving a map as a map template

1. Click the File menu and click Save As. 2. Navigate to your working directoryand Type Zone as a file name 3. Click the Save as type dropdown arrow and click ArcMap Template. 4. Click Save.

5.7.2 Exporting your map to other file formats

5. File selects <Map Export> 6. When the export window comes up select Export Format as JPEG/EMF/Tiff/. / 7. And give the output a File Name 8. Save your Map document 9. Exit ArcMap

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5.8 Work with map templates
5.8.1 Opening a temple when you first start ArcMap
1. Start ArcMap. 2. Click the option to start using ArcMap with a template. 3. Click OK. 4. Navigate to your specific working directory and Click Zone. 5. Click OK

5.8.2 Opening a new template while in ArcMap

1. Click the File menu and click New. 2. Navigate to the directory and 3. Click Zone OK. 4. Remove data in the template 5. Add Amhara_Wereda, Rivers, Laketana to your layout and produce a map

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MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management 6. Extensions of ArcGIS 9.x
In addition to the core ArcGIS 9.x, there are a number of Extensions (specialized modules) that are both commercial and free. Of these, ESRIs Saptial Analyst, 3D Analyst, Geostatistical Analyst, and ArcPress are the most commonly used ones and will be discussed in this manual. Extensions provide you with additional GIS functionality. Most extensions are optional products that are registered or licensed individually.

Enabling extensions
To use an extension for which you are registered or licensed, you must enable it in the Extensions dialog box for the application you will use it in. To open the Extensions dialog box, choose the Extensions command from the Tools menu in ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcScene (the application that comes with the ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension). The Extensions dialog lists the extensions currently installed on your system that work with the application you are using. For example, if you are using ArcCatalog, you'll only see extensions listed that work with ArcCatalog. Extensions are listed in this dialog whether or not you have registered them or whether or not licenses are currently available for them on your License Manager. To enable an extension, check the box next to it: Spatial Analyst If the extension is successfully enabled, the box will appear checked: Spatial Analyst Enabling an extension does not cause the extension's user interface to appear automatically; it simply enables any controls that the extension provides. If the extension's controls are on a toolbar, such as the Spatial Analyst extension's toolbar, you will still need to display the toolbar by choosing it from the Toolbars pull right in the View menu.

6.1 ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

ESRI Spatial Analyst software helps you solve a wide range of spatial problems by providing you with powerful tools to perform spatial analysis. Most of the analysis is done using the raster data model. Most of the functions are organized into a group You can access the tools associated with Spatial Analyst either through the ToolBar or thourgh ArcToolBox: View menu Toolbars Spatial Analyst

6.1.1Setting the working directory

Before you begin any analysis, set your working directory for spatial analysis. Click Spatial Analyst Options
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Type the Working Directory (E.g. D:\GSE2008\GIS) OK

6.1.2 Distance Measurements

6.1.2.1 Calculating straight line distance 1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow Distance Straight Line 2. Click the Distance to dropdown arrow and click the layer to find the distance to (rainfall) 3. Optionally, specify a maximum distance. Cells outside this distance will not be considered in the calculation and will be given the value of NoData. Leaving the Maximum distance blank will not put a limit on how far distances will be measured. 4. Specify an output cell size for the result(s). 5. Optionally, click Create direction to create a raster displaying the straight line direction to the closest source. 6. Optionally, click Create allocation to create a raster where every cell is assigned the value of the closest source. 7. Type a name for the result or leave the default to create a temporary result in your working directory. 8. Click OK.

6.1.3 Calculating Density

By calculating density you spread point values out over a surface. The magnitude at each sample location (line or point) is distributed throughout a landscape, and a density value is calculated for each cell in the output raster. Density maps are predominantly created from point data, and a circular search area is applied to each cell in the output raster being created. The search area determines the distance to search for points in order to calculate a density value for each cell in the output raster. 1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Density. 2. Click the Input data dropdown arrow and click the input layer. 3. Click the Population field dropdown arrow and click the field you want to use. 4. Click either Kernel or Simple Density type. In a simple density calculation, points or lines that fall within the search area are summed and then divided by the search area size to get each cell's density value. The kernel density calculation works the same as the simple density calculation, except the points or lines lying near the center of a raster cell's search area are weighted more heavily than those lying near the edge. The result is a smoother distribution of values. 5. Type a value in the Search radius text box to determine the distance to search for points or lines from each cell in the output raster. 6. Click the Area units dropdown arrow and choose the units in which the density values should be presented. 7. Specify an Output cell size.
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8. Type a name for the result or leave the default to create a temporary result. 9. Click OK.

6.1.4 Surface Analysis How to create contours

1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Surface Analysis, and click Contour. 2. Click the Input surface dropdown arrow and click the surface you want to contour. 3. Type a Contour interval to specify the distance between contours. 4. Type a Base contour from which to start contouring from or leave the default of 0. 5. Optionally, type a value for the Z factor. 6. Specify a name for the output or leave the default, which creates a permanent dataset in your working directory. 7. Click OK.

6.1.5 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Slope The Slope function calculates the maximum rate of change between each cell and its neighbors. It can be described either in degrees or percent. How to derive slope 1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Surface Analysis, and click Slope. 2. Click the Input surface dropdown arrow and click the surface you want to calculate slope for. (can be surface or TIN source) 3. Choose the Output measurement units. 4. Optionally, type a value for the Z factor. 5. Optionally, change the default Output cell size. 6. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your working directory. 7. Click OK. Aspect It is most commonly used with an elevation raster to identify the direction of slope. How to derive aspect 1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Surface Analysis, and click Aspect. 2. Click the Input surface dropdown arrow and click the surface (or TIN) for which you want to calculate aspect. 3. Optionally, change the default Output cell size. 4. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your working directory. 5. Click OK.

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MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management 7. Hydrological Applications of GIS in Watershed Management
GIS improves calculations for watershed characteristics, flow statistics, debris flow probability, and facilitates the watershed delineation by using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It provides a consistent method for watershed analysis using DEMs and standardized datasets such as land cover, soil properties, gauging station locations, and climate variables. ArcGIS with Arc Hydro gives you the flexibility to combine watershed datasets from one map source with stream and river networks. Use ArcGIS Spatial Analyst for hydrologic analysis such as calculating flow across an elevation surface, which provides the basis for creating stream networks and watersheds; calculating flow path length; and assigning stream orders.

7.1

Watershed Delineation

The suite of tools in Arc Hydro facilitates the delineation of watersheds by using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). DEMs consist of a sampled array of elevations for ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. GIS uses these DEMs to define the direction of the flow according to the topography and the drainage areas. The DEMs may not always yield a good representation of the real world, and additional tools may be used to edit the DEM to improve the resulting delineations. With the tools in Arc Hydro, you can burn in streams or building walls at that effect.
Add a DEM from your working directory. If the DEM is in TIN format you need to convert it to GRID format. Start ArcToolBox Goto Spatial Analyst Tools and double-click on Hydrology You will see the following Tools:
Tool Basin Fill Flow Accumulation Flow Direction Flow Length Sink Snap Pour Points Stream Link Stream Order Stream to Feature Watershed Description Creates a raster delineating all drainage basins Fills sinks in a surface raster to remove small imperfections in the data Creates a raster of accumulated flow to each cell Direction from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbor Calculates distance, or weighted distance, along a flow path Creates a raster identifying all sinks or areas of internal drainage Snaps pour points to the cell of highest flow accumulation within a specified distance Assigns unique values to sections of a raster linear network between intersections Assigns a numeric order to segments of a raster representing branches of a linear network Converts a raster representing a linear network to features representing the linear network Determines the contributing area above a set of cells in a raster

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7.2 How to delineate a watershed

1. Start the 3DEM software: StartProgram Files Visualization 3DEM 2. FileLoad Terrain Model 3. Click on SRTM Data radio button from the list OK 4. Browse to your working directory and Select the files you want to work with from the list: 5. Most of the SRTM data has some missing data points where no data was recorded by the mission due to some problems. Therefore, we need to correct these errors. To do so: a. Once you have loaded one or more SRTM data b. Press F7 key (or click on Operations F7 Patch Missing Data) c. Select the area to be patched and press enter d. It will tell you how many points were patched e. Repeat the above until it says 0 points patched 6. Click on File save USGS ASCII DEM Browse to the output directory and give it a name 7. You need to import the USGS DEM file you just created in 3dem to ArcGIS: Start ArcMap start ArcToolBox Conversion Tools To Raster DEM to Raster Input: the USGS DEM file, Output: Give it a new name 8. This file can now be loaded to Arcmap and can be used to generate hydrological parameters using Hydrology tool of the Spatial Analyst extension: a. ArcToolBox Spatial Analyst Hydrology b. Start by using Fill to fill any holes in your DEM c. Create Flow Direction from the filled DEM name it flowdir d. Create Flow Accumulation from the Flow Direction name it flowacc e. To generate stream network raster data, Use the following formula in Map Algebra to create a raster Stream network Spatial Analyst ToolsMap Algebra Single Output Map Algebra Type: Con(flowacc > 100, 1 )

Where flowacc is the flow accumulation that you calculated using the hydrology tool
f. Generate Stream order from the stream raster you created in step e g. Convert the stream raster to a vector data using Stream to feature h. Create watershed

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MOA MERET Project Basic Training on Application GIS in Watershed Management 8. Using handled GPS
Press and hold a few second the red button on the GPS Look the screen, when the globe is appear release the button Press the page button repeatedly until you get Main Menu In the main menu select Setup Menu using down arrows key Press enter In the setup menu window select Navigation Press enter In the navigation window select appropriate o Position format o Map datum o Units Press page to quit navigation window Now you are ready to collect the data by using GPS

8.1 collect the data

Press the starting (red) button Acquiring window appeared

0 1

0 2

1 2

1 3

1 4

2 1

2 2

2 3

Count the number of the satellite appear to your screen at least four for our purpose Check the visibility of the satellite Press enter then record the position value Example 37P 0386643 for the X-value or east coordinate UTM 19943210 for the Y-value or North coordinate

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8.2 Store the data on the GPS
Press the page to get the main menu In the main menu select Way point Press enter In the waypoint window select New Give the name of the points the maximum of 7 (seven) characters alpha numeric Select the appropriate symbol Press enter Select done Press enter Press enter

As we see a Global Positioning System (GPS) is a useful tool to collect geographic coordinates that can be plotted on a map. To map the collected data we may have different option but for this training we will use either ArcGIS or OutoCAD software.

8.3 Map in ArcGIS

Write the collected data in Excel software Save this file as dbase file format Start the ArcGIS software Click on with a new empty map and click ok Click on Add new data Search your directory and select your file as dbase/txt file type Click OK

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In the main menu right click on your dbase/txt file and select display xy data on the down drop list and click

On the Display XY data window select the appropriate table, X and Y value in your data

Click ok
Click on the edit button on the bottom of the display XY data window to set the coordinate system for the input data In the spatial reference properties window click on select to select the appropriate coordinate system

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Click on geographical coordinate system select Africa select Adindan.prjclick addclick applyClick OKclick ok on the display XY data window

In the view window series of points appear but our interest is to get polygon and area. To get the polygon it need digitizing this points on screen

8.4 Digitizing
Right click on the Menu Bar Check on Editor Tool The editor tool window appear

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The Editor tool window looks like as below

On Editor menu click on start editing icon and click on sketch tool icon

Now you can connect your points by sketch tools, when you closed the polygon double on the last point

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Once you finished the digitizing you have to save your work as project Click on the file select in the down drop list save project as in appropriate directory In stop editing window Click Yes

8.5 How to calculate area

Open attribute table

In attribute table window select option in the bottom of the window.

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In option window in the down drop list select add field and click on it.

In the Add Field window write area in type down drop list select long integer or double click ok In attribute table window right click on area column

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In the calculate geometry window select the appropriate unit (sq km), ha,
Now the area is field in the attribute window appear based on your measurement of unit in this case square mater.

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