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Science
C OMTEX CLASSES
S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT”
NOTES
OMTEX - CLASSES
SCIENCE
OMTEX - CLASSES
“THE HOME OF TEXT”
NAM E
Std . Di v.
2. Phosphor us 9
7. Hygiene 36
8. Nutrien ts in f oods 42
IN DEX
SCIENCE I & II
1. Atmosphere: The envelope of gasses surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere.
It extends up to a height of about 40 km from the surface of the earth.
2. Acid rain: Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide present in air react with the
moisture present in the air and form nitric acid and sulphuric acid, respectively.
These acids come down along with rain water. It is called acid rain.
3. Pollutant: The solid, liquid or gaseous substances present in such a large
concentration, that it is injurious to the environment and hazardous to life is called
pollutant.
4. Pollution: The act of releasing a pollutant is called pollution.
5. Particulate pollutants: Solid pollutants in the form of fine particles suspended in air
are called as particulate pollutants. E.g. Fine particles of asbestos, carbon, etc.
6. Natural Pollutants: Pollen grains, spores and microbes present in excess are called
natural pollutants.
7. Radioactive pollutants: The radioactive harmful substances produced during
nuclear testing, nuclear explosions and testing of nuclear weapons are called
radioactive pollutants.
8. Noise: Sound undesired by recipient is called noise.
9. Sound pollution: The continuous production of sound which is undesirable to its
recipient is called sound pollution.
10. Smog: The mixture of smoke and fog is called smog. It is fog carrying fine carbon
particles.
11. Decibel: The unit of sound intensity is decibel.
II. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. The harmful radioactive substances produced in nuclear explosions, nuclear testing and
testing of nuclear weapons are called radioactive pollutants.
Sources: Radioactive pollutants are produced in nuclear explosions, explosion of a nuclear
reactor, nuclear tests and testing of nuclear weapons.
Example: Strontium – 90, a by – product of nuclear tests.
Ans. AT the earth’s surface the atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. In
addition to these gases small amount of carbon dioxide, water vapour, dust particles and
rare gases are also present.
Following tables gives the composition of the stable constituents in the atmosphere
at the surface of the earth.
Particulars %
Nitrogen 78.084
Oxygen 20.946
Argon 0.934
Carbon dioxide 0.033
Besides these gases, the atmosphere also contains neon, helium, methane krypton, hydrogen,
nitrous oxide, xenon, water vapour and dust.
Ans. The atomic number of phosphorus is 15 and its electronic configuration is 2,8,5. The
atom phosphorus contains 5 electronic in its outer most shell. Hence it is placed in VA group
and Third period of the modern periodic table below nitrogen.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT”
NOTES
Ans. The phenomenon of yellow phosphorus to glow in the dark due to slow oxidation
process is called phosphorescence.
5. Give uses of phosphorus.
Take some water in hard glass test tube. Introduce a few pieces of yellow phosphorus
into it. Fit the mouth of the test tube with a rubber stopper. Fit a glass tube with a small jet
into the stopper. Make the room dark and gently heat the test tube. Phosphorus vaporizes as
a result of heat. Vapours of phosphorus begin to be slowly oxidised in air and flame appears
at the nozzle known as cold flame. Hold a matchstick in the flame. It does not catch fire.
Ans. Phosphorus exhibits two main allotropic forms yellow phosphorus and red phosphorus.
1. Molecular structure of yellow phosphorus: - The molecule of yellow phosphorus
is tetrahedron. In solid yellow phosphorus, these P4 molecules are loosely held
together by weak forces.
2. Explain with a labeled diagram the extraction of phosphorus from bone ash
(Phosphorite).
Ans.
1. A mixture of calcium phosphate (bone ash) and silica (Sand) and coke id heated in a
electric furnace at a temperature of 14000 To 15000 C.
2. Calcium phosphate first reacts with sand (Silica) to form calcium silicate and
Vapours of phosphorus pent oxide.
3. Phosphorus pent oxide is then reduced by coke to form vapors of phosphorus and
carbon monoxide. Calcium silicate is collected at the bottom in the form of slag.
4. Vapours of phosphorus and carbon monoxide are made to pass through the water.
5. Carbon monoxide being insoluble in water escapes out and vapours of phosphorus
condenses into solid.
6. Phosphorus is further purified by melting under water and by treatment with
potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid.
6. Acidified potassium dichromate solution turns green when hydrogen Sulphide gas is
passed through it.
Ans. When hydrogen Sulphide gas is passed through acidified solution of potassium
dichromate, it reduces to potassium sulphate and chromium sulphate. Potassium sulphate is
colourless, while chromium sulphate is green in colour.
K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 + 3H2S K2SO4 + Cr (SO4)3 + 7H2O + 3S
8. A lump of sulphur when rubbed against dry hand or wool attracts scraps of paper.
Ans. 1. When a lump of sulphur is rubbed against dry hand or wool, its surface becomes
electro statically charted. Hence, it attracts scraps of paper.
3. In agriculture: It is used as an insecticide and fungicide and sprayed on fruit trees and
grape vines.
4. In medicine: It is used in skin ointments.
5. It is used as an ingredient of gunpowder.
Ans. Gun powder contains sulphur, Charcoal and nitre (Potassium Nitrate)
Ans. When Sulphur dioxide id dissolved in water produces sulphuric acid and nascent
hydrogen. Nascent hydrogen bleaches colouring matter. Thus, sulphur dioxide acts as a
bleaching agent.
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (Sulphuric acid)
H2SO3 + H2O H2SO4 + 2H (Nascent)
Colouring matter + 2H (Nascent) Colourless matter.
Ans. Sulphur forms an explosive mixture with potassium chlorate. It detonates when heated
or struck. Hence, sulphur is used in explosives.
Ans.
1. Rhombic sulphur is the most stable form of sulphur.
2. When it is heated, gradually different structural changes take place.
3. The changes occur in the reverse order when boiling sulphur is cooled.
Hence, the effect of heat on sulphur is reversible.
17. A moistened coloured flower turns colourless in a jar containing sulphur dioxide.
OR. Explain the bleaching action of sulphur dioxide on flowers.
Ans.
1. When a coloured flower is introduced in a gas jar containing sulphur dioxide, the gas
reacts with water present in the flower itself producing nascent hydrogen.
2. This hydrogen reduces the colouring matter in the flower to colourless substances.
Hence, the flower losses its colour in the gas jar.
18. Sulphur dioxide is used for bleaching woolen and silk garments.
19. Sulphur dioxide gas is used extensively in textile and paper industries.
22. Acidified potassium dichromate solution turns green when sulphur dioxide is
passed through it.
Ans.
1. Sulphur dioxide is a reducing agent.
2. Potassium dichromate is orange in colour.
3. When sulphur dioxide is passed through an acidified solution of potassium dichromate,
the latter is reduced to colourless potassium sulphate and green chromium sulphate.
Hence, the solution turns green.
1. Metal: - The element which can form positive ions by the loss of electrons is called metal.
Iron and copper are metals.
2. Non metals: - The element which can form negative ions by the gain of electrons is called
non-metal. Phosphorus and sulphur are non-metals.
3. Metalloid: - The element, which shows the properties of metals as well as those of non-
metals, is called a metalloid. Silicon, germanium are metalloids.
4. Mineral: - The natural material in the earth in which a metal or its compounds occur is
Called mineral.
5. Ore: - The mineral from which a metal may be extracted profitably is called an ore.
6. Gangue: - The unwanted material present in an ore is called Gangue.
7. Reduction: - The process of obtaining a metal from its oxide is called reduction.
8. Refining: - The purification of a metal is called refining. In this process, the impurities
present in the metal are removed.
9. Metallurgy:- The process of extraction of metals from their ores and refining them is
called metallurgy.
1. All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores. Explain
Ans.
1. The natural material in the earth in which metal or its compounds occur is called mineral.
2. The mineral from which a metal may be extracted profitably is called an ore.
Hence, all ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores.
3. Metals are good conductors while non – metals are bad conductors of electricity.
OR
Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Ans.
1. The electrons in the outermost orbit of the atoms are free to move thought the metal.
2. In the case of a metal wire, these electrons move from one end to the other end of the
wire.
3. When the potential difference is applied on one end of the metal wire the movement of the
electrons constitute electric current.
4. Hence, metals are good conductors of electricity.
5. Non – metals do not possess such free electrons. Hence, non – metals are poor conductors
of electricity.
Ans.
1. When an element losses electrons, it acts as a reducing agent.
2. The atoms of metals have less than four electrons in their outermost orbit.
3. They can form positive ions by losing these electrons.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT”
NOTES
Hence, metals are good reducing agents.
11. The graphite rods used in the electrolytic extraction of aluminium need frequent
replacement.
Ans.
2. The oxygen reacts with the graphite rods and forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Thus, the graphite rods are continuously eroded. Hence, the graphite rods need frequent
replacement.
Aluminium
1. Bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O) 2. Cryolite (Na3AlF6)
3. Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)
Copper
1. Cuprite (Al2O3. 2H2O) 2. Copper Pyrites (CuFeS2)
3. Copper glance or Chalcosite (Cu2S)
4. Give the stages in the extraction of copper from copper ore. (T.B)
Ans. The extraction of copper from the copper ore consists of following stages.
1. Concentration
2. Roasting
3. Melting
4. Purification
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT”
NOTES
6. What are the different methods used for removing gangue from ores? OR
Write the four methods of concentration of ores.
Ans. The four methods used for removing gangue from ores are_
1. Washing 2. Froth floatation 3. Magnetic separation 4. Chemical separation.
1. Steel: - The alloy of iron containing about 0.02 – 1.5 % carbon is called steel. Steel is
malleable and has high tensile strength. It melts between 12000 – 15000 C. It can be welded.
Types of steels
Mild steel, Structural steel and tool steel are the different types of steel.
Uses of steels
Mild steel is used to prepare chains, anchors, wires, etc.
Structural steel is used to for the construction of bridges, buildings, etc.
Tool steel is used for making cutting tools, razor blades, springs, etc.
1. Stainless steel:-
Composition: It is an alloy of iron, which contains 73% iron, 18% chromium, 1% carbon
and 8% nickel.
Properties: It has typical luster and it resists corrosion.
Uses: It is used to make cutlery, utensils, tools, dairy equipment, cycle, and automobile
parts.
2. Tungsten Steel:-
Composition: It is an alloy of iron, which contains 94%iron, 5% tungsten and 1% carbon.
Properties: It is hard.
Uses: It is used to prepare high-speed cutting tools.
3. Manganese steel:-
Composition: It is an alloy of iron containing a considerable amount of manganese.
Properties: It is very hard
Uses: it is used to prepare rock drills.
4. Chrome steel:-
Composition: It is an alloy of iron containing chromium.
Properties. It is hard and tough.
Uses: It is used to prepare ball bearings, roller bearings, spares of automobiles and head of
rock drillers.
2. Magnalium:
Composition: Magnalium contains 90% aluminium and 10% magnesium.
Properties: It is light, strong and corrosion resistant.
Uses: It is used to prepare beams of scientific balances, household appliances and parts of
aircraft.
3. Aluminium bronze:
Composition: Aluminium bronze contains about 88 – 96.1 % copper and 10.5 – 2.3%
aluminium. It also contains minute quantities of iron and tin.
Properties: It is hard, shock resistant and resistant to many chemicals and seawater.
Uses: It is used as a pigment in paints and inks.
4. Alnico alloy:
Composition: Alnico alloy contains mainly aluminium, nickel and cobalt.
Properties: It is a magnetic alloy
Uses: It is used to prepare permanent magnets.
V. Distinguish between:
3. Ethylene (C2H4)
a. It is used to prepare plastics, fibres, bags, plastic cloth, pipes, cables cans, water cans,
etc.
b. It is used to prepare various organic compounds.
c. It is used for producing oxy-ethylene flame, which is used for cutting and welding of
metals.
d. It is used for artificial ripening of fruits.
4. Freon (CF2CL2)
a. It is used as a chemical refrigerant.
b. It is used to prepare aerosols, such as insecticide aerosols.
5. Acetaldehyde
a. It is used in the manufacture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride.
b. It is used to prepare chloral, which is used to manufacture insecticide DDT.
c. It is used to prepare chloroform, Easters, alcohol’s, etc.
6. Acetic acid
a. Acetic acid is used to prepare acetates, Ex. Vinyl acetate.
b. It is used to prepare cellulose acetate, which is used as a fibres or plastic.
c. It is used as a solvent.
d. The dilute solution (4%) of acetic is known as vinegar which is used as preservative in
ketchup, sauce, pickles and other products.
Distinguish between
4. Alkanes Alkenes
1. All bonds are single covalent bonds 1. They have carbon – carbon double
bonds
2. They have general formula CnH2n+2 2. They have general formula CnH2n
5 Alkanes Alkynes
1. All bonds are single covalent bonds 1. They have carbon – carbon triple bonds.
2. They have general formula CnH2n – 2
2. They have general formula CnH2n+2
6 Alkenes Alkynes
1. They have carbon – carbon double 1. They have carbon – carbon triple bonds.
bonds 2. They have general formula CnH2n – 2
2. They have general formula CnH2n
2. Burnt Alum: - When alum is heated, it melts at 92 c. on further heating; water of crystallisation
evaporates and swells. The swollen mass is called burnt alum.
2. A magnesium ribbon continues to burn brilliantly in a gas jar containing carbon dioxide.
a. The urine of human beings and animal contains many nitrogenous compounds.
b. The Bacterial decomposition of these nitrogenous compounds produces ammonia.
c. Ammonia has a strong, pungent and irritating odour. Hence, we get a typical odour.
7. Ferrous sulphate crystals are light green, but anhydrous ferrous sulphate is white.
a. Due to the presence of water of crystallisation, copper sulphate crystals are blue in
colour.
b. But when it is heated, the water crystallisation is given out forming anhydrous copper
sulphate, which is white amorphous powder. Hence, Copper sulphate crystals on
heating turn to a white powder
10. When carbon dioxide is passes through lime water, it first turns milky and then
turns colourless.
a. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, first white insoluble calcium
carbonate is formed, hence lime water turns milky.
7. What is dry ice? How is it prepared? What are all its uses?
Ans. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice.
Preparation: It is prepared by applying pressure on carbon dioxide.
Uses : Dry ice is used as a coolant in storage and transport of articles of food.
8. What properties of carbon dioxide are used in a fire extinguisher? Write a balanced
Chemical equations.
Ans. The following properties of carbon dioxide are used in a fire extinguisher_
1. It is not combustible.
2. It does not support combustion.
3. It is heavier than air.
Balanced chemical equation_
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
9. What is photosynthesis?
Ans. The synthesis of carbohydrates in green plants from the carbon dioxide in air and water
in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called photosynthesis.
18. Give the properties and used of baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate)
Ans. Properties of baking soda:
1. It is white amorphous powder.
2. It is soluble in water
Uses of Baking soda:
1. It is used in the preparation of baking powder, which is used in bread and cakes.
2. It is used in the fire extinguisher.
19. Give the properties and used of washing soda ( Sodium Carbonate)
21. Give the properties and used of green vitriol (Ferrous sulphate)
22. Give the properties and uses of blue vitriol (copper sulphate)
Ans.
Properties of blue vitriol:
1. Copper sulphate is blue crystalline substance.
2. It is poisonous.
3. It is soluble in water.
Uses of blue vitriol:
1. It is used as an insecticide and pesticide.
2. It is used in electrolytic refining of copper and electroplating.
3. It is used as a mordant.
4. Its solution is used in Daniel cell.
5. It is used for the preparation of compounds of copper.
6. It is a constituent of the reagent of Fehling’s solution of Benedict’s solution. Which is
used to determine percentage of glucose in the urine or a diabetic person.
28. Write the scientific name and the molecular formula of alum.
Ans. Scientific name : Potassium aluminium sulphate
Molecular formula: K2SO4. Al2(SO4).24H2O
29. Write the scientific name and the molecular formula of plaster of paris.
Ans. Scientific name : Calcium sulphate anhydride
Molecular Formula: (CaSO4). H2O
5. One should hold a handkerchief to cover the nose and mouth during sneezing and
coughing.
Ans.
1. Holding a handkerchief to cover the nose and mouth prevents the spread of a
communicable disease.
2. Therefore, one should hold a handkerchief to cover the nose and mouth during sneezing
and coughing.
Ans.
1. Rehabilitation helps to avoid the addiction to the drug again.
Ans.
1. The consumption of tobacco causes bronchitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer and increases
the chances of heart diseases, lung cancer and oral cancer.
2. Therefore, tobacco should not be consumed in excess.
Ans. The habits which are essential for personal cleanliness are as follows:
1. One should go to bed early in the night.
2. One should get up early in the morning.
3. After getting up one should go to the toilet.
4. One should wash his hands and feet with soap after visiting the toilet.
5. One should clean the teeth in the morning.
6. One should take a bath daily.
7. One should hold a handkerchief to cover the nose and the mouth while sneezing or
coughing.
8. One should do regular moderate exercise to keep himself fit, active and cheerful.
9. One should avoid uncovered roadside food.
10. One should take balanced diet.
11. One should go for regular health check – up.
12. One should clean the teeth in the night before going bed.
Ans. The following two characters should be possessed by person to keep him away from
the
Addiction are_
1. Strong will power
2. Sound and positive attitude towards life.
2. Alcohol (TB):- Alcohol is rapidly absorbed in the blood stream. It affects the nervous
system. Excess consumption of alcohol leads to fat storage in the liver causing cirrhosis.
Alcohol reduces the blood sugar level, which is harmful to brain.
3. Daily bath (TB):- Daily bathing is good for health. Water cleans the skin. Use of warm
water increases blood circulation. Bathing helps the removal of sweat and dust.
5. Health education (T.B): Health education should be the integrated part of formal
education. The media like television and radio should be used effectively in educating the
masses. The importance of cleanliness, balanced diet and immunization should be
emphasized in population education. Education of care to be taken during pregnancy,
maternal health and baby care will definitely help to reduce the infant mortality. Sex
education should be given at the proper age to avoid AIDS and other diseases.
1. Nutrients: - Nutrients are chemical substances present in foods which when consumed
in adequate amount fulfils all the functions of the body.
2. Nutrition: - The science, which deals with the study of nutrients is called nutrition.
3. Vitamins:- Vitamins are vital organic substances occurring in different natural foods and
are essential in minute quantities for growth, development and maintenance of good
health.
Vitamins are vital organic substances occurring in different natural foods and are
essential in minute quantities for growth, development and maintenance of good
health. Vitamins are two types;
Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A, D, E and K
Water soluble vitamins: - Vitamin B-Complex and Vitamin C
5. State the names of two food substances used during fast, which are rich in
Carbohydrates.
1. Sago
2. Groundnuts
Give reasons
1. Malnutrition is hazardous.
Ans. malnutrition is hazardous because.
1. It effects the physical and physiological well – being of an individual.
2. The physical, mental and social performance of a malnourished individual becomes
abnormal.
3. Malnourished children become prone to diseases like marasmus, rickets and anemia.
2. In India, there are high incidence of nutritional deficiency diseases among the poorer
section of the society.
Ans.
1. In India among the poorer sections of the society even the intake of basic calorie
requirement is not fulfilled.
2. Proteins, vitamins and minerals are not consumed at desired levels. Therefore, there is
high incidence of nutritional deficiency diseases among the poorer section of the society.
3. Babies should not be weaned from breast milk to other diets deficient in proteins and
energy.
Ans.
1. Breast milk contains carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which can be easily digested and
absorbed.
5. Goitre is more prevalent among the people who reside in mountainous regions.
Ans.
1. In mountainous regions iodine content of the soil and water is low.
2. This leads to deficiency of iodine, which causes goitre. Therefore, goitre is more prevalent
among the people who reside in mountainous regions.
8. Scurvy is observed among the people whose diet is deficient in fresh fruits.
Ans.
1. Scurvy is due to gross deficiency of vitamin C.
2. Fruits contain vitamin C. Therefore, scurvy is observed among the people whose diet is
deficient in fresh fruits.
Ans. Night blindness is a deficiency disease of the eye caused due to the deficiency of
vitamin A in diet.
Symptoms of night blindness:
SCIENCE I
1. One coulomb: It is the unit of electric charge. If two like point charges of equal
magnitude are placed in a vacuum at a distance of one meter from each other and if
they repel each other with a force of 9 x 109 Newton, then each charge is called one
coulomb.
2. One Volt: It is the unit of potential difference. The potential difference between two
points is said to be one volt if one joule of work is done to carry a charge of one
coulomb from one point to another.
3. One Ampere: It is the unit of electric current. If a charge of one coulomb passes
across any section of the conductor in one second, then the current in the conductor
is said to be one ampere.
4. Electromotive force (E.M.F) : The work done by a cell to send a unit charge once
around the complete circuit is called a electric motive force.
5. Potential difference: The work done in sending a unit charge through the external
resistance is called the potential difference.
6. Right hand rule: Imagine the conductor to be held in the right hand with the
fingers curled round it and the thumb stretched along its length. If the thumb
points in the direction of the current then the curled fingers denote the direction of
the magnetic field.
2. When electric current is passed through a wore, it gets heated after some times.
Ans.
1. When Potential difference is applied to ends of wire the electrons start moving.
2. The electrons collide with atoms of the wire.
3. Due to these collisions the kinetic energy of atoms increase and the thermal energy
also increases. Hence, the wire gets heated after some times.
9. The potential difference of cell is always less than the E.M.F of the cells.
Ans.
1. E.M.F of a cell is the total energy required to over come both the internal resistance
of the cell and the external resistance in the circuit.
2. Potential difference is the energy required to over come only the external resistance
in the circuit.
3. Hence, the potential difference of cell is always less than the E.M.F of the cells.
10. What are the general precautions while handling electrical devices?
Ans.
1. Keep your hands dry while handling electrical devices
2. Rubber soled footwear should be weared while handling electrical device.
3. Before cleaning an electrical device, switch off the current and remove the plug from the
socket.
4. Beware of live wire whether bare or insulated.
5. Do not remove the plug by pulling the cord.
6. Incase of a fire caused by electric sparks, switch off the mains and use a fire extinguisher
like Co of dry sand. Do not use water to extinguish electric current.
Ammeter Voltmeter
1. An ammeter is used to measure the current 1. A voltmeter is used to measure the
flowing through a circuit. potential difference between two points.
2. An ammeter is connected in series with 2. A voltmeter is connected in parallel to the
the conductor through which the current conductor across which the potential
flowing is to be measured. difference is to be measured.
1. Solar cell: The device that converts incident solar energy into electrical energy is called
solar cell.
2. Solar energy: The energy that is continuously emitted by the sun in the form of heat and
light is called solar energy.
3. Bio – mass: The organic matter present in the bodies of living organisms is called
biomass (or ) the material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called biomass.
4. Bio gas: The gaseous mixture obtained by the degradation of animal and plants wastes by
anaerobic respiration of microorganisms in the presence of water is called biogas.
5. Solar Dryer: The device, which uses solar energy to dry agricultural products is called
solar dryer.
6. Slurry: The mixture of animal dung with water, which is fed into the digester is called
slurry.
7. Photo Voltaic Cell:- A device, which converts incident solar energy into electric energy
is called Photovoltaic or solar cell.
8. Solar Panel: The panel on which many solar cells are suitably mounted is called solar
panel. It is used for operating T.V. Sets, Water pumps and street lighting.
9. Fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years by the burial of plants and
animals. Fossil fuels are energy rich molecules of carbon compounds originally made by
plants. Examples. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
10. Charcoal. Charcoal is obtained by burning wood in an insufficient supply of air.
iii. Solar distillation:- In many small villages brackish or saline water is available instead of
fresh drinking water. Using solar energy brackish water can be converted into pure water by
solar distillation.
iv. Charcoal.
1. Charcoal is obtained by burning wood in an insufficient supply of air.
2. In this process the volatile material from wood is removed and charcoal is left behind.
3. It is a good solid fuel and mainly contains carbon.
4. It is better fuel than wood and burns without smoke.
8. Explain how energy from flowing water is used to generate electrical energy.
Ans. Flowing water is used to generate hydroelectric power. The water of a river is stored in
a dam. It is then allowed to flow under gravity through the pipes. As it flows down its
Potential energy converted into Kinetic energy. The water falls down in turbine wheels
connected to electric generators, which generate electricity.
1.
Solar energy Fossil Fuels
1. Solar energy is freely available on a large 1. Fossil fuels are not abundantly available.
scale.
2. It is pollution free source of energy. 2. Fossil fuels create pollution.
3. It is available every where on earth. 3. They are obtained at a particular place.
4. It is not a concentrated source of energy. 4. They are concentrated source of energy.
Wood Charcoal
1. Wood is one of the biomass. 1. Charcoal is a conversion of wood.
2. It consists of many volatile compounds. 2. It consists of mainly carbon.
3. Wood produces 17 KJ/g of heat. 3. It produces 33 KJ/ g of heat.
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NOTES
4. Combustion of wood produces smoke. 4. Combustion of Charcoal is almost
smokeless.
2. Define Mechanical Energy? What are the different types of Mechanical energy?
Ans. The energy, which can be used to perform mechanical work, is called Mechanical
energy.
The two types of Mechanical energy are Kinetic energy and Potential energy.
6. State the relation between the unit of energy in C.G.S. system and S.I. System?
Ans. One joule = 107 Ergs.
6. To Keep clock going, it is necessary to wind its spring from time to time.
7. When brakes are applied to a moving car, it does not stop immediately.
1. A car in motion has Kinetic energy.
2. When brakes are applied, it uses this Kinetic energy to perform work against
the retarding force applied by the brakes. Hence, brakes are applied to a
moving car, it does not stop immediately.
1. A man draws a bucket full of water from a well in 5 seconds and a boy does the same
work in 10 seconds. Whose power is greater and why/
Power is defined as the rate at which work is performed. as the boy and man do an
equal amount of work but man takes less time ( 5 seconds ) and the boy takes more
time ( 10 seconds ) therefore the power of man is more.
Energy Power
1. The capacity of a body to 1. Power is the rate at which work is
perform work is called as performed.
Energy.
2. The S.I unit of energy is joule 2. The S.I unit of power is joule/second
and C.G.S unit of energy is and C.G.S unit of power is
erg. Erg/Second
3. Show that the power is equal to the product of force and velocity.
Show the relationship between power and velocity.
P= W
T
But, work = Force * Displacement.( W=Fs)
P= F * S
T
But, S/T =V
Power is equal to the product of force and velocity.
4. What is the unit of power in SI System and d CGS System? How are they related to
Each other?
6. A road going up a steep hill is always winding and has a small slope.
1. If a straight road from the bottom to the top of the hill were to be constructed
the time required would be less.
2. Only those vehicles which are capable of developing very high power would be
able to reach the top.
3. Though a longer time is required to reach the top even a vehicle capable of
developing low power will be able to reach the top. Hence, a road going up a
steep hill is always winding and has a small slope.