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Disaster: Etymology
Disaster: Etymology
Disaster: Etymology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Disaster (disambiguation). Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard that has come to fruition, resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event with great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that causes huge damage to life, property and destroys the economic, social and cultural life of people. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions.[1] Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.[2][3]
[edit] Etymology
The word disaster is derived from Middle French dsastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Greek pejorative prefix -, (dus-) "bad"[4] + (aster), "star".[5] The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological theme in which the ancients used to refer to the destruction or deconstruction of a star as a disaster.
[edit] Classifications
Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years disaster research has been institutionalized through the University of Delaware's Disaster Research Center. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.[6] Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific
disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
minimize the potential risks by developing disaster early warning strategies prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
mobilize resources including communication and tele-medicinal services to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.
pre-disaster planning, preparedness, monitoring including relief management capability prediction and early warning damage assessment and relief management.
A set of warning systems should be thought of, so that people are warned to take safety measures. Thus, more loss of life and property can be avoided. The warning systems may include: radio, television, loudspeakers, personal messages, beating of drums, bells, etc. The people must be educated to cope with a disaster. They should be taught to keep a survival kit. On the practical side, mock drill training and practice should be undertaken.
2. Response:
People should be informed of the disaster in time to avoid its serious consequences. Emergency contact and operation centres should be opened. Help the injured and the needy. Involve local people at all levels of activities. Temporary shelters should be provided for the affected. Medical camps should be set up. Rescue teams should be deployed to look for those who are missing.
3. Rehabilitation:
Essential services such as providing drinking water, transport, electricity, etc, should be restored. The people should be taught hot to follow healthy and safety measures. The victims should be provided with temporary accomadation, financial assistance and employment opportunities. Those who have lost their family members should be consoled. If there is a danger of epidemics, vaccination programme should be undertaken.
4. Prevention:
The land use has to be so planned as to reduce the loss of life and property. Buildings should not be constructed in risk zones.
Mobilizing support of different co-ordinating agencies such as the local government,voluntary organisation, the insurance companies, etc, to ensure coordination at the time of a disaster. All buildings should be earthquake and landslide resistant. The local community should be involved in making and implementing safety norms.
Disaster reduction is a systematic work which involves with different regions, different professions and different scientific fields, and has become an important measure for human and nature sustainable development. For surviving in and after a disaster, people should carry a survival kit which contains the following supplies: 1. First aid kit. 2. Essential medicines. 3. Water - atleast 9 litres per person for 3 days. 4. Food - enough for three days. 5. A torch and a radio. 6. Personal hygiene items like toothbrush, soap, etc. 7. Baby and pet supplies, toilet paper, etc.
Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property.
[edit] Management
Main articles: Emergency management and Business continuity planning The local communities at the time of disaster or before the disaster make groups for helping the people from suffering during the disaster. These groups include First Aid group, Health group, Food and Welfare group, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) etc. They all are well trained by some local community members. All the groups are sent for helping any other local community that is suffering from a disaster. They also ask people to move from the area affected from disaster to some other safe regions. They are given shelter and every possible facilities by those local management communities. Some agencies also provide maps of potential disaster sites. Today, Government is also making effort to provide good facilities during the disaster. In Indian rural areas, the
community (group of families) are choosing a leader and developing their Disaster management skills to protect themselves and other local communities as well.