GSM Overview

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MobileComm Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.

Dallas

. Atlanta . Washington . LA . Sao Paulo . New Delhi . Toronto . Muscat. Sydney

Ritesh Karan 1

Copyright 2010 MobileComm Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved MobileComm is committed to providing our customers with quality instructor led Telecommunications Training. This documentation is protected by copyright. No part of the contents of this documentation may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without the prior written consent of MobileComm Technologies . Document Number: RK/CT/1/2010 This manual prepared by: MobileComm Technologies
MobileComm Technologies(India)Pvt. Ltd. 424, First Floor, Udyog Vihar Phase -4, Gurgaon-122002 Headquarter: MobileComm Professionals Inc. 1255 West 15th Street, Suite 440 Plano, TX, 75075 Tel: (972) 633-5100 Fax: (972) 633-5106

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www.mcpsinc.com

Ritesh Karan 2

Module Objectives

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Give an overview about GSM Channel Describe the basic configuration i.e combined mode and non-combined mode. Demonstrate speech coding and channel coding. Give an overview about the Burst structure.

Ritesh Karan 3

CODING

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Speech Flow in BSS Speech, 64 kbps MSC compression TRAU

13kbit/s Channel Coding = redundancy

TRAU

BTS

22.8kbit/s Interleaving and ciphering

Air Interface GMSK modulation

22.8kbit/s 33.8kbit/s TDMA burst formatting

From Speech to Radio Transmission

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Speech
Step 1
Digitizing and source coding Channel coding Source decoding Channel decoding

Step 2

Interleaving

De-interleaving

Step 3
Burst formatting Burst deformatting

Step 4

Ciphering

Deciphering

Step 5

Modulation

Demodulation equalization

Step 6

Transmission

Diversity

Speech Coding
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BP
BAND PASS 300 Hz 3.4 kHZ

A/D
Every 125 s value is sampled from analog signal and quantised by 13 bit word Data rate = 13/125*10 -6 = 104 kbps

SPEECH ENCODER

CHANNEL CODING

To modulator

Every 20ms 160 samples taken Data rate = 160 * 13/20ms = 104 kbps 3 crc bits

1A

1B

50 132

78
Four 0 bits for codec

50 3 132

Conv coding rate = 1/2 delay = 4

Linear Predictive Coding & Regular Pulse Excitation Analysis

1. Generates 160 filter coeff 2. These blocks sorted in 4 sequence 1,5,9,37 / 2,6,10----38/ 3,7,1139/8,12,1640 3. Selects the sequence with most energy So data rate = 104/4 = 26 kbps

Long term prediction analysis

1. Previous sequences stored in memory 2. Find out the correlation between the present seq. And previous sequences 3. Select the highest correlation sequence 4. Find a value representing the difference between the two sequences. Reduces data rate = 26 kbps/2 = 13 kbps ie 260 bits in 20ms

378 coded bits

456 bits in 20 ms = 22.8 kbps 57 x 8 = 456

78

1A = Filter Coeff block ampl, LTP params 1B = RPE pointers & pulses 2 = RPE pulse & filter params CHANNEL DECODING

LP

D/A

SPEECH DECODER

Channel Processing in GSM Overview for Full Rate

20 ms
A
Speech blocks

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20 ms
C

20 ms

Codec dependent
Source coding

Codec dependent
Channel coding

Codec dependent

456 bits A A A A 5 6 7 8

456 bits

456 bits C C C C 1 2 3 4

Interleaving

B B B B B B B B 8 Sub blocks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of 57 bits A6 A7 A8 B2 B3 B4 1

CRL

8 Bursts

A5 B1

B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 1
CRL

B8 C4 57 bits
Information

Normal burst

3
Tail

57 bits
Information

26 bits
Training

3
Tail
7

Channel Processing in GSM Overview for Half Rate

20 ms
A
Speech blocks

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20 ms
C

20 ms

Codec dependent
Source coding

Codec dependent
Channel coding

Codec dependent

228 bits A A A A 1 2 3 4

228 bits B B B B 1 2 3 4

228 bits C C C C 1 2 3 4

Interleaving

4 Sub blocks of 57 bits

4 Bursts

A3 A4 B1 B2

B3 B4 C1 C2

Normal burst

Interleaving: TCH Full Rate

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b0 b1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...

...

452 453 454 455

456 coded bits

Divide 456 bits in 8 sub-blocks

0 8 448

1 9 449

2 10 450

3 11 451

4 12 452

5 13 453

6 14 454

7 15 455

57 Rows

reordering & partitioning out

3 diagonal interleaving bit interleaving burst

b56

b0 b1

b56

Bursts and time slots in the Air Interface

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TDMA Time Slot TDMA Time Slot

...

TDMA Frame TDMA Frame

...
BTS BTS

Bursts from Mobile Stations Bursts from Mobile Stations

2Mbit/s to BSC 2Mbit/s to BSC

10

Burst

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The information format transmitted during one timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst. Different Types of Bursts Normal Burst Random Access Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst

11

CHANNEL CONCEPT

NORMAL BURST FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2

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0.577ms 3 Guard Tail Period Bits 57 bits Data

1

26 bits

57 bits Data

3 8.25 Tail Guard Bits Period

StealingTraining Stealing Bit sequence Bit

Carries traffic channel and control channels BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, SACCH and FACCH.

12

CHANNEL CONCEPT

NORMAL BURST

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Data - Two blocks of 57 bits each. Carries speech, data or control info. Tail bits - Used to indicate the start and end of each burst. Three bits always 000. Guard period - 8.25 bits long. The receiver can only receive and decode if the burst is received within the timeslot designated for it .Since the MS are moving. Exact synchronization of burst is not possible practically. Hence 8.25bits corresponding to about 30us is available as guard period for a small margin of error. Stealing bits - This bit is used to indicate if the 57 bits data block is used as FACCH. Training Sequence - This is a set sequence of bits known by both the transmitter and the receiver( BCC of BSIC). When a burst of information is received the equalizer searches for the training sequence code. The receiver measures and then mimics the distortion which the signal has been subjected to. The receiver then compares the received data with the distorted possible transmitted sequence and chooses the most likely one.
13

CHANNEL CONCEPT

FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2

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0.577ms

Tail Bits

Fixed Data

Tail Guard Bits Period

Carries FCCH channel. Made up of 142 consecutive zeros. Enables MS to correct its local oscillator locking it to that of the BTS.
14

CHANNEL CONCEPT

SYNCHRONISATION BURST FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2

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Encrypted Bits Tail Carries SCH channel. Bits Enables MS to synchronise its timings with the BTS. Contains BSIC and TDMA Frame number.
15

Tail Encrypted Bits Bits

Synchronisation Sequence

CHANNEL CONCEPT

DUMMY BURST FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2

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0.577ms

Tail Bits

Data

Training sequence

Tail Data Bits

Guard Period

Transmitted on the unused timeslots of the BCCH carrier in the downlink.

16

CHANNEL CONCEPT

ACCESS BURST FRAME1(4.615ms) FRAME2

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0.577ms

Tail Bits

Synchronisation Sequence

Encrypted Tail Bits Bits

Guard Period

Carries RACH. Has a bigger guard period since it is used during initial access and the MS does not know how far it is actually from the BTS.
17

Principle of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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TSL 7 TSL 6 Timeslot 0 TSL 5 TSL 1 TSL 4 TSL 3 TSL 2

BTS BTS

18

Logistical problem

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8 seats in each vehicle

19

CHANNEL CONCEPT

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CHANNELS Downlink

Uplink

Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there are 8 physical channels. Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two types Traffic channel Control channel
20

FDMA

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UPLINK 890 MHz GSM1800: 1710 MHz

GSM900:
-

DOWNLINK 915 MHz 1785 MHz 935 MHz 1805 MHz 123
-

960 MHz 1880 MHz

123

...

...

200 kHz Channel 1 124 1 374

Duplex frequency 45 MHz / 95 MHz

guard band

21

TDMA

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tim

4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7

Physical channel,
e.g. allocated to one subscriber with FR voice & no frequency hopping

TDMA frame = 8 timeslots =8x.577ms =4.615ms TDMA frame

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

200 kHz

frequency
22

Channel concept

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Physical channel:
One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to as a physical channel.There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM, channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7)

Logical channel:
A great variety of information must be transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g.user data and control signaling. Depending on the kind of information transmitted we refer to different logical channels. These logical channels are mapped on physical channel.

23
23

Logical Channels on Air interface

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LOGICAL CHANNELS

COMMON CHANNELS

DEDICATED CHANNELS COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS

BROADCAST CHANNELS

TRAFFIC CHANNELS

FCCH

SCH

BCCH

SDCCH

SACCH

FACCH

PCH

RACH

AGCH

TCH/F

TCH/H

TCH/EFR

24

The Logical Channels on Radio Interface

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BTS
FCCH Frequency correction Synchronization Broadcast control RACH Access request Subscriber paging Answer to Access request PCH AGCH FCCH CBCH Broadcast info Dedicated Signaling Sys InFo 5, 6 + SMS Traffic (speech data) TCH Associated Signaling
FACCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH SDCCH

MS
TCH Traffic (speech-data) SCH BCCH Radio Measurement + SMS Dedicated Signaling Broadcast info
FACCH

Associated Signaling

CBCH

SCH BCCH RACH

M.S. Pre-synchronization

Access request PCH Subscriber paging AGCH Answer to Access request

25
25

Logical Channel Mapping-TCH

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Full Rate - Downlink & Uplink 26 frames = 120 ms

T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T

time

Half Rate - Downlink & Uplink 26 frames = 120 ms

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

A0

T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

T0

T1

T0

A1

time

T : TCH

Ti : TCH

sub-channel no. i

A : SACCH

Ai : SACCH

: IDLE

sub-channel no. i

26

Configuration of Signalling Channels

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Combined Configuration 0 7

ts0=bcch + sdcch/4 + pch + agch

Non-combined Configuration 0 1 7

ts0=bcch + pch + agch

ts1=sdcch/8

27

BCCH/CCCH Multiframe Non-Combined Mode

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Downlink

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

f f f f f s b b bb c c c c f sc c c c c c c c f sc c c c c c c c f s c c c c c c c c f s c c c c c c c c i Uplink f f f f rrrr rr rrrrr rrrr r rrr rr rr rr rrrrr rr rrrrr rrr rr rr rrr r rrr 0 CHANNELS: f = FCCH s = SCH b = BCCH r = RACH i=idle c = CCCH = PCH/AGCH 50

28

SDCCH/8 Multiframe
Non-Combined Mode
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Downlink

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

f f f f t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s i i i
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Uplink f f f s s s ss s s s s s s s f i i t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t i 0 CHANNELS: t = SDCCH/8 s = SACCH/8 i=idle 50

29

Combined BCCCH + SDCCH/4 Multiframe Combined Mode Downlink

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
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f s b b b bc c c c f sc c c c c c c c f s t t t t t t t t f s t t t t t t t t f s s s s s s s s s i f f f f
1. 2. 3. 4.

PCH/AGCH

BTS
Uplink

Physical Channel
ARFCN (n) TS (s) SCH BCCH FCCH

SDCCH/SACCH

MS

f f f f t t t t r r s sss ssssr r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r t t t t t t t t r r t t t t 0 CHANNELS: f then s = FCCH then SCH ssss = SACCH c = CCCH b = BCCH t = SDCCH r = RACH i=idle
30

50

HYPERFRAME AND SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE

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3h 28min 53s 760ms 00 6.12s 0 00 11 2 11 120ms 00 11 22 23 23 11 22

1 Hyperframe = 2048 superframes = 2,715,648 TDMA frames 2045 2045 2046 2046 2047 2047

1 Superframe = 1326 TDMAframes = 51(26 fr) 0r 26(51 fr) multiframes 33 47 48 24 24 235.38ms 24 24 25 25 4.615ms 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 TDMA Frame
31

49 25 25

50

00

11

22

48 48

49 49

50 50

Traffic 26 - Frame Multiframe

Control 51 - Frame Multiframe

Logical channels in TDMA frames

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51-Frame Multiframe

26-Frame Multiframe

...

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 FCCH SCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH

...

...

. . .

0 1 2 3

TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F

...

PCH
. . . ...

AGCH
...

. . .

...

SCH
...

SDCCH
...

24 25

TCH/F IDLE

SACCH 50 IDLE

...

FCCH

11 12 13

TCH/F SACCH TCH/F

32

Initial Cell Selection

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List of the frequencies of the selected PLMN

Eligible cell? Yes

Suitable cell: Eligible cell - cell of the selected PLMN - cell not barred - C1 > 0

No

Selection of another PLMN

C1 for eligible cell Computation s

Suitable cell? No Yes

Look for the cell with the best C1 in the suitable cells list

IMSI Attach
End of Cell Selection Rejected? No

PLMN set in the forbidden PLMN list

33

IDLE MODE--Cell Selection

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Path loss criterion parameter C1 used for cell selection and reselection is defined by: C1 = (A - Max(B,0)) where A = Received Level Average - rxLevAccessMin B = msTxPwrMaxCCH P Where, rxLevAccessMin = Minimum received level at the MS required for access to the system. msTxPwrMaxCCH = Maximum TX power level an MS may use when accessing the system until otherwise commanded. P = Maximum RF output power of the MS.

34

Example:

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C1(cell_A) =AV_RXLEV rxLevAccessMin-Max(0, msTxPwrMaxCCH max output power of MS) C1(cell_A) = -80dBm (-100dBm) max(0, 36dBm 33dBm) C1(cell_A) = 17 > 0 C1(cell_B) = -82dBm (-105dBm) max(0, 33dBm 33dBm) C1(cell_B) = 23 > C1(cell_A) Thus MS camps on cell_B
35

Cell Reselect Hysteresis

Cell reselection on the border of two location areas result in a location update. When an MS moves on the border of two location areas lots of location updates take place. To avoid these ping pong location updates, the reselect hysteresis is introduced..

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Cell1 LA1

Cell2 LA2

RX Level Cell1

RX Level Cell2

A= 4 dB B= 6 dB C= 8 dB

36

Idle Mode--Cell Re-selection

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Why C2? Cell Prioritisation

As a means of encouraging MSs to select some suitable cells in preference to others Example: "In dualband network--to give different priorities for different band "In multilayer--to give priority to microcell for slow moving traffic "Any other special case where specific cell required higher priority than the rest

37

Pathloss Criterion C2

0 .. 126 dB step size: 2 dB

0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, dB

20 .. 640 s step size: 20 s

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C2 =

C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET TEMPORARY OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME - T) for PENALTY_TIME 640 s C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET for PENALTY_TIME = 640 s

C2

no TEMPORARY OFFSET C1 CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET T

C2 C1
new candidate = formerly nonserving cell

CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET TEMPORARY OFFSET PENALTY_TIME T

38

Cell Reselection Events

Pathloss Criterion C1 C1 0 for a period of 5 s

Authentication Failure notification by upper layers Cell has been barred CELL_BAR_ACCESS & CELL_BAR_QUALIFY

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Pathloss Criterion C2 neighbours C2 value > current cells C2 value (same LA) neighbours C2 value + CRH > current cells C2 value (new LA) for a period of 5 s.

RACH Failure MAX RETRANS + 1 times Downlink Signalling Failure DSC 0

When shall I select a new cell?

39

Downlink Signalling Failure

S,...) _MFRM S_PA CH (...,B BC

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DSCinit := round

90 BS_PA_MFRMS

BTS DSC := DSCinit paging message successfully decoded? MS no

2..9 multiframe periods

yes

DSC := min (DSC+1, DSCinit)

DSC := DSC - 4

yes

DSC 0 no Downlink radio link failure detected!

Cell Update
40

DSC = Downlink Signalling failure Counter

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