Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Chng I
Gii thiu tng quan v ATM
I. Gii thiu v ATM...........................................................................................03
I.1. Nguyn ly c ban cua ATM.....................................................................04
I.2. Cu truc lung thng tin trong ATM........................................................06
I.3. c im cua ATM..................................................................................06
I.4. M hnh giao thc chun ca ATM.........................................................07
I.5. Lp tng thch ATM..............................................................................09
I.5.1. Giao thc lp AAL..........................................................................09
I.5.2. Giao thc lp AAL 5.......................................................................10
I.6. Cu trc phn u t bo..........................................................................12
II. Cc loi li t bo...........................................................................................18
II.1. Mt t bo do li phn tiu ................................................................18
II.2. Mt t bo do trn hng i....................................................................20

Chng II
iu khin li tiu
1. Mt s chc nng cua trng HEC................................................................21
2. iu khin li.................................................................................................21
II.1. iu khin li mao u...........................................................................21
II.2. Phn tach t bao va tao tin hiu gia ngu nhin......................................23
3. Thut toan iu khin li................................................................................24

Chng 3
Tinh toan hai bc cua ma d tun hoan CRC-32
cho ATM
I. Gii thiu..........................................................................................................29
II. Tng quan.......................................................................................................29
III. Hon cnh hin ti.........................................................................................30
IV. n gin ho php tnh.................................................................................31
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

IV.1. n gin M(x).......................................................................................31
IV.2. Php chia cui cng..............................................................................32
V. Tng kt phng php....................................................................................34
VI. Chng trnh m phng................................................................................35

Chng 1
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Gii thiu tng quan v ATM

I. Gii thiu v ATM
ATM la ch vit tt cua kiu truyn tai khng ng b (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode). Nghin cu u tin v ATM va cac ky thut co lin quan a
c 2 trung tm cua CNET va AT&T cng b nm 1983. Trong nm 1984,
trung tm nghin cu cua Alcatel Bell a bt u phat trin cac khai nim ATM.
ATM co cac c tinh c ban ging chuyn mach goi vi ATM la phng
thc truyn tin trong o thng tin c chia thanh cac goi co chiu dai nho
khng thay i goi la cac t bao tin. T bao tin c truyn c lp va se c
sp xp lai th t u thu. ATM khng ng b bi ly do s xut hin lin tuc
cac t bao trn cac knh khng phu thuc chu ky. ITU a chon cng ngh
ATM nh cng ngh chuyn mach hoc kiu chuyn tai cho B- ISDN, nn tang
cua moi thng tin bng rng. ATM c coi la cng ngh cua th ky 21 va
ngi ta ang trng i tinh ph dung cua no nh cng ngh PCM ang s dung
hin nay.
T khng ng b c s dung bi vi ATM cho phep hoat ng khng
ng b gia phia phat va phia thu. S khng ng b nay co th x ly d dang
bng vic chen hay tach cac t bao khng phm nhim (t nao rng). o la cac
goi khng mang thng tin. Mt trong nhiu c tinh c bit cua ATM la no co
kha nng bao am vn chuyn tin cy bt ky mt loai dich vu nao ma khng cn
quan tm n tc (tc khng i hay tc thay i ), yu cu cht lng
hoc c tinh bung n t nhin cua lu lng.
ATM co th c cho mi trng mang. Ngoai ra, cac t bao ATM co
dai ng nht do vy vic inh tuyn, chen, tach, hay ghep cac t bao nhanh hn
ma khng cn quan tm n thng tin c mang trong t bao ATM. Vi vy,
cui cung ITU-T quyt inh chon phng thc truyn ATM lam mang phuc vu
cho cac dich vu trong mang bng rng. Tht vy mang ATM co nhng u im
sau:
Giam gia thanh vn hanh, khai thac va quan ly. Giam chi phi vi s dung ghep
thng k.
iu khin c nhiu loai lu thng khac nhau nh: D Liu, Ting Noi,
Hinh anh, Video,... ap ng cho moi nhu cu cua ngi dung khac nhau.

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Kha nng s dung ng truyn hiu qua: Cho phep truyn cac ng dung
hinh anh, d liu, .. co tc c inh, hoc bin i theo thi gian hoc ngt
quang.
Dung ky thut chuyn mach bng phn cng: Vi chiu dai t bao c inh la
53 Bytes, ATM cho phep vic x ly chuyn mach bng cac phn cng co tc
rt nhanh, giam thiu thi gian chuyn mach va tng ang k tc
truyn.
Cho kha nng thit lp cac nhom knh ao: Nhom knh ao c inh nghia
bng chi s nhn dang ao (VPI/VCI), Do vy co th tao mi, thay i lu
lng hoc l trinh bng cach iu khin vic gan cac nhan ia chi tai cac nut
chuyn mach. Kha nng nay cho phep vic quan ly va iu hanh mang nng
ng.
c tinh truyn dn mm deo: Cho phep hu nh khng gii han v tc
cua mi knh cung nh s lng cac knh vi mi knh thng tin c thit
lp bng chui cac t bao ATM, s lng cac t bao c truyn i trong mt
n vi thi gian la t do, s lng knh trn mt ng truyn phu thuc vao
s cac nhn dang logic nn tc mi knh thng tin lun at n mc ti a
co th c. ATM co th ap ng d dang cac dich vu co tc khac nhau
va cac dich vu trong tng lai.
Co kha nng cung cp bng thng theo yu cu: ATM la ky thut hiu qua
cho vic xy dng mang: Ngi s dung co th kt ni vi mang bng cach
dung nhng b thich ng h tr bng thng tuy theo yu cu ring cua ngi
s dung o.

I.1. Nguyn ly c ban cua ATM.

Trong muc nay chung ta se tim hiu nguyn li ATM: phn oan va tai hp.
Mt cach quan tri tt cac lung thng tin ln la ct cac thng tin thanh cac goi
co dai bng nhau con goi la cac t bao co gan tiu goi co th c inh
tuyn ti ich cua no. Cac tiu trong ATM co rt it chc nng do vy chung
co th c chuyn qua mang ma hu nh khng phai x ly. Hinh 1.2 chi ra lu
lng vi cac tc khac nhau 64 Kbps, 2Mbps, 34Mbps c ct thanh cac
goi bng nhau- t bao. cac t bao t cac ngun khac nhau c a vao ming
ng truyn dn s trn theo cach sao cho truyn dn ti u nht.
Ti u hoa ay c thc hin bng ky thut ghep knh thng k. trong
mt mang ATM, vai ngun va t hp c ghep lai vi nhau trn mt ng

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

n. trong mang ghep knh theo thi gian TDM, bng thng hiu dung bng
tng bng thng cua cac ngun c lp.
Nu hai ngun co bng thng tng ng la x bps va y bps thi bng thng
hiu dung se la (x+y) bps. Con trong mang ATM, bng thng hiu dung z<
(x+y) bps vi moi thng tin trong cac bit c phn goi trong cac t bao ATM.
Sau o chuyn mach ATM ghep cac t bao thng tin va loai bo cac t bao zero
hay cac t bao khng hp l. Do vy bng thng hiu dung giam. bng thng
nay cung co th mang lu lng cua ngi s dung khac.
Hinh 1.1 biu din s so sanh gia ghep TDM truyn thng va ghep thng
k. T hinh ve nay ta thy, trong TDM bng thng bi lang phi vi vich gan bng
thng c inh, con trong ATM khng co hin tng nay vi s dung ghep thng
k. thc hin c ghep thng k, moi lu lng ngay ca lu lng thoai
cung phai c tao goi tao ra lu lng co tc truyn thay i VBR.
64Kbps
2Mbps
34Mbps
**

**

**

**

Cac t bao

Cac t bao (Cell)

ng dn song

Ca
c t bao trng
155Mbps

Hinh 1.1 Nguyn ly ATM

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Chuyn mach ATM khng phn bit kiu lu lng mang trong goi ma
no chi cn bit cng u vao ni cac t bao i vao va cng ich ni cac t bao i
ra. Ngi ta cung nghin cu a ra mt quyt inh v kich thc cac t bao.
Da vao cac yu t chinh:
Hiu qua truyn dn: t bao kich thc cang ln thi tr cang ln, t bao
kich thc cang nho thi ty l muc i vi thng tin cang cao.
tr: t bao bi tr bi nhiu nguyn nhn, nguyn nhn gy tr khac
nhau nh: tr truyn dn, tr do ch, do Jitter, do vic tao goi va hp goi...
phc tap khi thc hin.
Ngoai ra con nhiu yu t khac cung anh hng n vic chon kich thc
t bao va thang 6- 1990 tai Geneva, ITU- T a quyt inh chon kich thc t bao
va thm 5 bit thng tin tiu (header). Do vy t bao ATM gm 53 byte.

I.2. Cu truc lung thng tin trong atm:

Hnh 1.2 Cu trc lung thng tin ATM

Lung thng tin trong ATM bao gm mt day lin tip cac t bao ATM.
Mt tai tin, nu qua ln co th c chia nho ra thanh nhiu phn va c ong
vao thanh tng t bao. Mi t bao gm hai phn:
Phn d liu bao gm 48 bytes
Phn tiu header gm 5 bytes

I.3. c im cua ATM

ATM s dung cac goi co kich thc nho va c inh goi la cac t bao
ATM vi tc truyn ln se lam cho tr truyn giam u nho i vi cac
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

dich vu thi gian thc, ngoai ra kich thc nho cung tao iu kin cho
vic hp knh tc cao c d dang.
ATM con co mt c im rt quan trong la kha nng nhom mt vai knh
ao thanh mt ng ao nhm giup cho vic inh tuyn c d dang

I.4. M hinh giao thc chun

Lp bc cao

Lp bc cao

Lp AAL

Quan ly
mang

Mang iu
khin

Quan ly lp

Mang quan
ly
Mang khach
hang

Lp ATM
Lp vt ly

Hinh 1.3 M hinh giao thc chun cua ATM

ATM co m hinh giao thc chun da theo m hinh tham chiu OSI 7 lp.
M hinh s dung khai nim cac mang th hin cac nhom yu cu cn cp
ti bao gm mang khach hang, mang iu khin va mang quan ly.
Mang khach hang co chc nng truyn tai thng tin khach hang nh iu
khin dong tin, sa li...
Mang iu khin co chc nng v iu khin cuc goi va iu khin kt
ni gm cac thu tuc nh: bao hiu, iu khin lu lng, inh tuyn
Mang quan ly co chc nng v giam sat, quan ly mang.
Trong m hinh giao thc chun, mang khach hang va mang iu khin c
cu truc thanh cac lp vi cac thuc tinh hoan toan c lp nh sau:
Lp vt ly: la lp di cung bao gm cac chc nng chu yu lin quan
vic truyn tai thng tin di dang bit c ma hoa.
Lp ATM: gm cac chc nng lin quan n vic x ly t bao nh: cu
truc t bao, chuyn mach/inh tuyn, ghep knh/phn knh
Lp tng thich ATM (AAL): gm cac chc nng lin quan n thng tin
dich vu cn truyn tai phu thuc vao yu cu cua lp bc cao, ng thi thc
hin vic lin kt lp AAL vi lp bc cao.
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Lp bc cao: bao gm cac chc nng khng co cac lp phia di, v
nguyn tc co th la bt c mt chc nng gi khac, chu yu lin quan n cac
dich vu khach hang.
Bang

1.1
Cac
chc nng trong m hinh

giao thc ATM.

Lp/ phn lp

Q
U
a
n
L
y
L

Chc nng

Lp bc cao
Cac chc nng lp bc cao
Lp tng thich ATM (AAL)
Lp phu CS (ng qui)
Lp phu SAR (phn tach va t Miu ta thuc tinh dich vu
hp)
Phn tach va t hp t bao
iu khin lung chung (GFC)
Lp ATM
Tao/ tach mao u t bao
Thng dich gia tri VPI?VCI
Ghep va tach t bao
Lp vt ly
Lp phu TC (ng qui truyn dn)

Lp phu PM (mi trng vt ly)

Thich ng tc t bao
Tao/ xac nhn mao u t bao
M ta t bao
Tng thich khung truyn dn
Tao / tai tao khung truyn dn
Tai tao xung nhip
Mi trng vt ly

Mang quan ly c phn chia thanh hai phn la quan ly mang va quan ly lp.
Quan ly mang thc hin cac chc nng quan ly toan h thng va phi hp
cac mang vi nhau bng cach can thip vao gia cac mang.
Quan ly lp thc hin cac chc nng lin quan n ngun thng tin va cac
tham s thc th giao thc tai mi lp.
Ch : Trong phm vi bi tiu lun ny ch cp n ng dng m CRC trong
hai phn: Sa li phn mo u t bo (trng HEC) v CRC 32 trong AAL 5.
Do vy ch tp trung m t cu trc hai phn trn v ng dng CRC trong .

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

I.5. Lp tng thich ATM (AAL).

I.5.1. Giao thc lp AAL.
Lp ALL nhn thng tin dich vu t cac lp bc cao phia trn thng qua cac
n vi d liu dich vu khach hang (U-SDU), sau o chia nho cac thng tin nay
thanh cac n vi d liu giao din (IDU) phu hp vi cu truc cua t bao
ATM va chuyn chung xung lp ATM phia phat, va thc hin qua trinh
ngc lai phia thu. Tai lp ATM, lung thng tin co th bi li do cac li
truyn dn, do bi anh hng cua tr hoc do xay ra tc nghen trong mang.
Nhng yu t nay la nguyn nhn gy ra vic mt hoc chuyn nhm t bao, anh
hng n cht lng truyn tai cua cac ng dung. Cac giao thc lp AAL
nhm han ch anh hng cua cac yu t trn. Lp AAL co th rng nu lp
ATM a ap ng c cac yu cu cua mt dich vu vin thng cu th nao o.
Trong trng hp lp ATM a ap ng c cac yu cu cua mt dich vu
vin thng cu th nao o thi cac chc nng lp AAL la rng. Khi o, trng
thng tin 48 byte cua t bao ATM cha hoan toan la thng tin dich vu.
Cac dich vu bng rng trong h thng a dich vu bng rng B-ISDN la rt a
dang v tc , cu truc d liu, phng thc kt ni... Do cac chc nng lp
AAL co tinh cht phu thuc vao dich vu, nghia la phu thuc vao cac yu cu cua
lp bc cao, nn lp AAL s dung nhiu loai giao thc nhm thoa man nhu cu
v cac loai hinh dich vu khac nhau. Vi vy cac giao thc lp AAL c phn
loai da trn c phn loai cac dich vu vin thng. Cac dich vu vin thng c
phn loai da trn ba tham s sau:
Quan h v nhip thi gian gia ngun thng tin va dich nhn thng tin.
Tc truyn.
Phng thc kt ni.
Da trn c s ba tham s k trn,cac dich vu vin thng c phn ra lam
bn loai, ky hiu t A n D nh sau:
Loai A: dich vu co tc bit khng i (CBR) vi ng b u cui - u
cui, inh hng kt ni.
Loai B: dich vu co tc bit thay i (VBR), ng b u cui - u
cui, inh hng kt ni.
Loai C: dich vu co tc bit thay i, khng cn ng b u cui - u
cui, inh hng kt ni.
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Loai D: dich vu tc bit thay i, khng cn ng b u cui - u
cui, khng inh hng kt ni.
Tinh cht

Bang 1.2. Phn loai dich vu lp AAL

Loai dich vu
Loai A

Quan h thi
gian gia ich
va ngun
Tc

Loai B
Yu cu

Loai D

Khng yu cu

C inh

Bin i

Kiu kt ni
Loai AAL

Loai C

Co kt ni
AAL1

AAL2

Khng
kt ni
AAL3/4

AAL5,
AAL3/4

Tng ng vi cac dich vu vin thng trn, giao thc lp AAL c phn
loai nh sau:
AAL1 : cho dich vu loai A.
AAL2: cho dich vu loai B.
AAL3/4: cho dich loai C va D.
AAL5 : cho dich vu loai D.
(Trong pham vi bai tiu lun nay chi xet ng dung cua CRC trong giao thc lp
AAL 5)
I.5.2. Giao thc lp AAL 5
AAL5 c thit k cho cac dich vu co mt s tinh nng ging AAL3/4
nh cung cp cung loai dich vu va co nhiu chc nng ging nhau, nhng co cu
truc n gian hn va oi hoi it s liu hn. S cn thit cua chc nng AAL5
c nay sinh do cac qua trinh tip theo cac giao thc AAL3/4, do s phc tap
ang k cua thng tin gia cac d liu dich vu hng kt ni va khng hng
kt ni. AAL5 c dung cho lu lng dich vu loai D (dich vu khng hng
kt ni, tc thay i, nhay cam vi thi gian); tuy nhin AAL5 chi cung cp
phng thc truyn tai dich vu thng bao message ma khng co phng thc
truyn dong thng tin streaming; do khng co trng MID trong SAR-PDU nn
AAL5 khng co kha nng ghep cac kt ni logic khac nhau cua AAL ln mt
kt ni ao VCC cua lp ATM. Phn lp hi tu CS cua AAL5 c chia lam hai
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

phn la phn chung CPCS va phn c tinh dich vu SSCS. Vic h tr cho dich
vu khng hng kt ni c am bao phn c tinh dich vu SSCS, chng han
giao thc SSCF cho bao hiu lp AAL5 trong mang iu khin. Chc nng
chinh cua phn chung CPCS bao gm:
am bao th t cua cac n vi d liu giao thc CPCS-PDU.
Cung cp chi thi khach hang khach hang CPCS.
Phat hin va sa li d liu CPCS-PDU.
Chc nng loai bo.
Chc nng m.
0-48 Bytes

0-47

4 Bytes

PDU payload

PAD

UU

CPI

LI

CRC-32

Hinh 1.4 Cu truc d liu cua AAL5

Muc ich s dung cho mang ATM im ni im nn AAL5 co cu truc
khac hn AAL3/4. Khi n vi d liu giao thc CPCS-PDU chi bao gm
trng tai tin va phn kt thuc c cu truc nh sau:
Trng tai tin cua CPCS-PDU cha d liu dich vu nhn t khi n vi
d liu dich vu AAL-SDU, va c chen thm vao trng m PAD co dai
t 0 n 47 byte sao cho kich thc cua CPCS-PDU bng bi s kich thc
trng thng tin cua t bao ATM (48 byte).
Phn kt thuc cua CPCS-PDU co chiu dai 8 byte bao gm:
Trng chi thi CPCS gia khach hang khach hang CPCS-UU (1
byte) dung truyn tai thng tin thng sut gia cac khach hang u cui
qua mang ATM.
Chc nng cua trng chi thi phn chung CPI (1 byte) ang c
tip tuc nghin cu, chc nng duy nht hin nay cua no la ng chinh phn
kt thuc cua CPCS-PDU at c kich thc 64 bit.
Trng chi thi dai LI (2 byte) chi ra dai tinh theo byte cua d
liu dich vu khach hang (khng bao gm trng PAD) co trong trng tai tin
cua CPCS-PDU. LI co dai 16 bit nn dai cc i cua d liu dich vu
khach hang co th cha trong CPCS-PDU la 216 1 = 65.535 byte.
Ma vong d CRC (4 byte) kim tra li cho toan b CPCS-PDU,
co a thc sinh CRC-32 la:
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

G(x)= x 32 + x 26 + x 23 + x 22 + x 16 + x 12 + x 11 + x 10 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1
Khac vi AAL3/4, AAL5 toan b 48 byte cua SAR-PDU u la d liu
c phn manh t n vi d liu CS-PDU, do o chc nng cua SAR trong
AAL5 rt han ch va thng tin giao thc SAR c cung cp bng vic s dung
1 bit nm trong mao u t bao ATM. iu nay co nghia la khng co kha nng
u ghep va iu khin li SAR. Do vy AAL5 sp xp 48 byte t CS-PDU
vao trng thng tin cu t bao ATM ma khng cng thm phn u va phn
kt thuc vao SAR-PDU. Phn b sung duy nht i vi SAR-PDU c lp
ATM thc hin bng cach cung cp chc nng chi ra im cui cua CS-PDU, co
nghia la chi ra SAR-PDU cui cung cua mt CS-PDU nh vao vic s dung
trng kiu tai trong PT trong mao u cua t bao ATM. Lp ATM s dung
tham s chi thi khach hang- khach hang (AUU) trong trng PT co gia tri bng
0 trong tt ca cac t bao tr t bao cui cung cua mt CS-PDU. Gia tri khac 0
cua chi thi AUU trong trng PT cua t bao cui cung trong chui t bao chi ra
cho AAL5 cn bt u t hp lai CS-PDU. iu nay cho phep vic t hp d
liu trong AAL5 n gian hn va s dung bng tn trong ATM hiu qua hn.

I.6. Cu truc phn u t bao ATM.

Ta bit rng, c im cua ATM la hng lin kt. Do o khac vi mang
chuyn mach goi, ia chi ngun va ich, s th t goi la khng cn thit trong
ATM. Hn th, do cht lng cua ng truyn rt tt nn cac c ch chng li
trn c s t lin kt ti lin kt cung c bo qua. Ngoai ra ATM cung khng
cung cp cac c ch iu khin lung gia cac nut mang do c cu iu khin
cuc goi cua no. Vi vy chc nng c ban con lai cua phn tiu trong t bao
ATM la nhn dang cuc ni ao.
Nh a xem xet la chon t bao ATM thi t bao ATM la t bao c inh,
co 53 Bytes: 5 Bytes tiu va 48 Bytes d liu.
ATM cell co cu truc ging nhau cho bt ky loai dich vu nao.

Hnh 1.5. Cu trc t bo ATM

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Header: 5 Octet (5 bytes). Thng tin cha trong Header giup cho vic tim
ng cua cac ATM cell qua mang. Do mang ATM hoat ng theo cach kt ni
co hng nn cac cell chi co th lun chuyn qua cac vung ma cac kt ni tn
tai. Lu y: Cac cell Header khng dung khi tao bt tay trong cac kt ni.
Payload: 48 Octet(48 bytes). Cha d liu cua ngi s dung, va cac tin
hiu iu khin tng ng. Sau khi phat xong cac cell, bn phn thu se t chc
lai cac lung d liu, goi d liu cho ging nh ban u.
Phn tiu cua t bao ATM co hai dang: Mt dang la cac t bao c
truyn trn giao din gia ngi s dung va mang UNI, dang con lai la cac t
bao c truyn gia cac nut chuyn mach NNI.
Hinh ve cu truc t bao ATM tai hai giao din:
8
7
6
GFC
VPI
VCI
VCI
HEC
Phn d liu (48 octet)

4
VPI
VCI

PT

CLP

Bit/Octet
1
2
3
4
5

Cu truc t bao ATM tai giao din UNI

8
7
6
VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI
HEC
Phn d liu (48 octet)

VCI
PT

Cu truc t bao ATM tai giao din NNI

GFC

iu khin lung chung

VPI

nhn dang ng ao

VCI

Nhn dang knh ao

PT

trng tai trong

CLP

Bits u tin tn tht t bao

HEC

iu khin li tiu

UNI

Giao din ngi s dung-mang

Hinh ve sau cung th hin rt ro hai loai giao din nay

Trang 13

CLP

Bit/Octet
1
2
3
4
5

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Sau y ta i xet chc nng cac trng cua chung

a. S liu nhn dang knh ao VCI va ng ao VPI:

Do knh truyn ATM co th truyn vi tc t vai Kbit/s ti vai trm

Mbit/s tai mt thi im nao o, do o VCI c dung nhn dang cac knh
c truyn ng thi trn ng truyn dn. Thng thng trn mt knh c
truyn ng thi trn ng truyn dn. Thng thng trn mt ng truyn
co hang ngan knh nh vy, vi th VCI co dai 16 bit (Tng ng vi 65535
knh).

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Do mang ATM co c im hng lin kt nn mi cuc ni c gan mt

s hiu nhn dang VCI tai thi im thit lp. Mi gia tri VCI chi co y nghia tai
tng lin kt t nut ti nut cua mang. Khi cuc ni kt thuc, VCI c giai
phong dung cho cuc ni khac. Ngoai ra VCI con co u im trong vic s
dung cho cac cuc ni a dich vu nh dich vu in thoai truyn hinh, m thanh
va hinh anh se c truyn trn hai knh co VCI ring bit, do o ta co th b
sung hoc huy bo mt dich vu trong khi ang thc hin mt dich vu khac.
VPI c s dung thit lp cuc ni ng ao cho mt s cuc ni knh
ao VCC. VPI cho phep n gian hoa cac thu tuc chon tuyn cung nh quan ly,
no co dai 8 bit hoc 12 bit tuy thuc t bao ATM ang c truyn qua giao
din UNI hay NNI.
T hp ca VCI va VPI tao thanh mt gia tri duy nht cho mi cuc ni.
Tuy thuc vao vi tri i vi hai im cui ma nut chuyn mach ATM se inh
ng da trn gia tri cua VPI va VCI hay chi da trn gia tri VPI. Tuy vy cn
lu y rng VCI va VPI chi co y nghia trn tng chng lin kt cua cuc ni.
Chung uc s dung vic chon ng trn cac chng nay c d dang hn.
Do s VPI va VCI qua nho nn chung khng th uc s dung nh mt s hiu
nhn dang toan cuc vi kha nng xay ra hai cuc ni s dung ngu nhin cung
mt s VPI va VCI la rt cao. khc phuc, ngi ta cho VCI va VPI la duy
nht trn mi oan lin kt. Trn tng oan lin kt nay, hai nut chuyn mach s
dung VPI va VCI nh s hiu nhn dang cho mi cuc ni trn oan o. Khi a

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

qua nut chuyn mach, VPI va VCI nhn cac gia tri mi phu hp vi oan tip
theo.
b. Trng kiu t bao PT (Payload Type):
PT la mt trng gm 3 bit co nhim vu phn bit cac kiu t bao khac
nhau nh: t bao mang thng tin cua ngi s dung, t bao mang cac thng tin
v giam sat, vn hanh, bao dng (OAM).
Cu truc trng PT trong t bao mang thng tin OAM
Dang bit Chc nng
000
T bao d liu cua ngi dung, khng tc nghen, kiu SDU=0
001
T bao d liu cua ngi dung, khng tc nghen, kiu SDU=1
010
T bao d liu cua ngi dung, co tc nghen, kiu SDU=0
011
T bao d liu cua ngi dung, co tc nghen, kiu SDU=1
100
T bao OAM lp F5 lin quan ti lin kt
101
T bao OAM lp F5 lin quan ti u cui
110
T bao quan ly tai nguyn ABR
111
Danh cho vic s dung trong tng lai
Ngoai ra con co hai kiu t bao c bit la t bao khng xac inh va t bao
trng. T bao khng xac inh va t bao trng u co c im chung la chung
khng mang thng tin cua ngi s dung. Tuy vy t bao trng chi tn tai mc
vt ly con t bao khng xac inh tn tai ca mc ATM ln mc vt ly. T bao
khng xac inh c gi khi khng co thng tin hu ich danh sn trn u phat.
c. Trng chi mc u tin mt t bao CLP (Cell Loss Priority):
CLP la trng dung phn loai cac cuc ni khac nhau theo mc u
tin khi cac tai nguyn trong mang khng con la ti u na. Thi du trong trng
hp qua tai, chi co cac cuc ni co mc u tin thp la bi mt thng tin. Co
hai loai u tin khac nhau la u tin v mt ni dung va u tin v mt thi gian.
Trong ch u tin v mt thi gian, vai t bao co th co tr trong mang dai
hn cac t bao khac. Trong ch u tin v mt ni dung, cac t bao co u
tin cao hn se co xac sut mt goi it hn. Cac mc u tin co th c n inh
trn c s cuc ni (qua mi VCI hoc VPI) hoc trn c s mi t bao. Trong
trng hp th nht, tt ca cac t bao thuc v mt knh ao hoc ng ao se co
mt mc u tin xac inh. Trong trng hp th hai, mi t bao thuc v mt
knh ao hoc ng ao se co cac mc u tin khac nhau.
d. Trng tiu HEC (Header Error Control):
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Trng iu khin li tiu HEC cha ma d vong CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Check). Ma nay tinh toan cho 5 bytes tiu . Do phn tiu bi
thay i sau tng chng nn CRC cn c kim tra va tinh toan lai vi mi
chng.
a thc sinh c dung y la a thc:
a thc nay co th sa toan b cac li n va phat hin ra phn ln cac li
nhom. Chi tit cua phn sa li ta se xet trong phn sau.
e. Trng iu khin lung chung GFC (Gecneric Flow Control):
giao din gia ngi s dung va mang UNI, phn tiu co vai khac bit
so vi giao din NNI. S khac nhau cn ban nht la trng VPI bi rut ngn lai
con 8 bits (so vi 12 bits giao din NNI), thay vao ch 4 bits cua VPI la
trng iu khin lung chung GFC. C ch cua GFC cho phep iu khin
lung cac cuc ni ATM giao din UNI. No c s dung lam giam tinh
trang qua tai trong thi gian ngn co th xay ra trong mang cua ngi s dung.
C ch GFC dung cho ca cac cuc ni t im ti im va t im ti nhiu
im.
Khi kt hp mang ATM vi cac mang khac nh DQDB (dictributed Queue
Dual Bus), SMDS (Swiched Multi-megabit Data Service), GFC a ra 4 bit
nhm bao hiu cho cac mang nay lam th nao hp knh cac t bao cua cac
cuc ni khac nhau. Mi mang u co mt logic iu khin tng ng dung
GFC cho cac giao thc truy nhp cua ring cac mang nay. Do o trong trng
hp nay, GFC thc cht la mt b cac gia tri chun inh nghia mc u
tin cua ATM i vi cac quy lut truy nhp vao cac mang khac nhau.
Vic buc phai s dung trng iu khin lung chung GFC la mt nhc
im c ban cua ATM, no tao ra s khac nhau gia cac t bao tai giao din UNI
va NNI do cac giao thc trong ATM khng phai la giao thc ng nht. Trong
mang s dung cac giao thc ng nht, cac thit bi vin thng co th c lp
t vao bt ky mt ni nao trong mang. Trong khi o trong ATM, ta phai chu y
xem thit bi c lp t co thich hp vi giao din a cho hay khng.
Sau y la bang cac gia tri mc inh cua tiu t bao ATM tai giao din
UNI:
Kiu

Gia tri
Octet 1

Octet 2

Octet 3

Octet 4

Octet 5

T bao lp vt ly

pppp000

0000000

0000000

0000pp1

Ma HEC

T bao khng xac inh

gggg000

0000000

0000000

0000xx0

Ma HEC

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Bao hiu trao i

ggggyyy

yyyy000

0000000

00010a00

Ma HEC

Bao hiu truyn thng chung

ggggyyy

yyyy000

0000000

00100aa0

Ma HEC

Bao hiu t im ti im

ggggzzzz

zzzz0000

0000000

00110a0a

Ma HEC

T bao OAM mc F4 lin quan

ggggzzzz
ti lin kt

zzzz0000

0000000

01000a0a

Ma HEC

Quan ly tai nguyn

ggggzzzz

zzzzvvvv

vvvvvvv

vvvv110a

Ma HEC

Danh cho cac chc nng sau nay

ggggzzzz

zzzzvvvv

vvvvvvv

vvvv111a

Ma HEC

Trong o:
a: bit s dung cho cac chc nng cua lp ATM
g: bit s dung trong giao thc cua GFC
p: bit s dung cho lp vt ly
v: bit biu thi gia tri VCI bt ky khac 0
x: bit mang gia tri bt ky
y: bit biu thi mt gia tri VPI bt ky. Nu VPI = 0, gia triVCI c s dung
cho knh ao bao hiu t ngi s dung ti nut chuyn mach ia phng.
z: bit biu thi gia tri VPI bt ky
phn bit cac t bao c s dung lp ATM vi nhng t bao cua lp
vt ly va cac t bao khng xac inh, ngi ta s dung cac gia tri tiu mc
inh. Qua trinh x ly t bao c tin hanh da trn cac gia tri nay.
II.
Cac loai li t bao.
Cung nh cac h thng khac, du hoan thin n u cung phai co mt ty l
li nht inh nao o. Cac li xay ra trong mang ATM la do s khng hoan hao
cua h thng truyn dn hoc cua h thng chuyn mach.
II.1. Mt t bao do li phn tiu .
Li truyn se dn ti s thay i khng mong mun cac thng tin c
truyn tai bn thu. Nu li xay ra phn s liu cua t bao thi ca t bao vn
c truyn ti im cui do ATM khng co bt c mt c ch chng li nao
khi truyn t lin kt ti lin kt (Link - By - Link). Nu li xay ra phn tiu
thi chuyn mach ATM se thng dich nhm phn tiu mang gia tri cua mt
ng ni khac. Nu phn tiu mang mt gia tri khng tn tai thi t bao se bi
loai bo. Trong ca hai trng hp u xay ra li nhn o chi cn 1 bit li trong
phn tiu cung dn ti li ca t bao. Ty l li bit c goi la Bit Error Rate.

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Trong trng hp xut hin li nhom (Burst Error), thng tin trong phn s
liu hay phn tiu u sai, do o bt c mt li nao trong phn tiu u
trc tip dn ti li nhn.
Trong trng hp xay ra li n trong phn tiu dn ti mt t bao, li
nhn se c tinh toan nh sau:
Gia s phn tiu cua t bao ATM dai h bit, phn d liu dai i bit. Nu
cac t bao co dai trung binh la H, vi H = h + i. Va gia s rng chuyn mach
ATM s dung tt ca cac bit cua tiu xac inh ich nhn tin. H thng
truyn luc o se tao ra li ca phn tiu va phn d liu.
Xac sut xay ra mt li phn tiu la:
h
.B
h+i

Xac sut xay ra li trng d liu:

i
.B
h+i

Gia s chuyn mach ATM nhn cac bit truyn vi ty l li la B va khng

gy ra thm mt li nao trong trng d liu, luc o ty l li tng c tinh
bng ty l li cua h thng truyn dn gay ra trong trng d liu cung vi ty l
li gay ra do inh ng nhm. Nu mt h thng chuyn mach thng dich mt
tiu bi li thi co ba kha nng xay ra:
Nu cac li phn tiu khng c phat hin cung nh sa cha thi se
dn ti inh ng nhm. Trong trng hp xu nht, vic inh ng nhm se
a i bit thng tin ti ich khng hp l, cung luc o cung co i bit khng ti
c ich ung cua no. Do o co (2 x i) bit sai, dn ti ty l li bit B1 la:
B1 =

h
i
i ( 2h + 1)
.B.2i +
B=
.B
h+i
h+i
h+i

Hiu ng nhn li M1 = B1 / B la:

M1 =

2h + 1
h
1+
i

Nu li phn tiu c phat hin nhng khng c sa thi i bit se

khng ti c u thu vi luc nay t bao li se bi huy bo, ta co ty l li bit B2
nh sau:
B2 =

i (h + 1)
h
i
.B.i +
.B =
.B
h+i
h+i
h+i

Hiu ng nhn li M2:

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

M2 =

h +1
h
1+
i

Nu cac li trong phn tiu u c sa thi tt ca cac thng tin u

c ti ich cui cung, ty l li bit B3 se c tinh nh sau:
B3 =

h
i
i
.B.0 +
.B =
.B
h+i
h+i
h+i

Hiu ng nhn li M3:

M3 =

1
1+

h
i

Ta nhn thy rng M3 nho hn M2 va M1 do o khng co li nhn trong

trng hp s dung c ch sa li ay u. Tuy vy luc nay cn phai s dung ma
sa li trc FEC (forward Error Correction), no yu cu phn tiu rt ln va
kho thc hin. Do o n gian thng s dung phng phap chng li co
gii han. Ta bit rng phn ln cac li truyn dn la li n hoc li nhom trong
o cac li n thng c sa cha mt cach n gian bng cac loai ma vong.
Li nhom rt kho sa ng thi no yu cu phn tiu dai hn, mt khac li
nhom cung lam sai lac phn trng d liu, do o sa li tiu khng co hiu
qua trong trng hp nay. Bi vy giai phap chi sa li n cung a giai quyt
c phn ln cac vn t ra. Tuy vy khi co li nhom xay ra, phn u
khung se bi lam sai lac thm khi ap dung cac thu tuc sa li n, luc o cac chc
nng sa li se co tac dung ngc lai. Vi vy ngi ta a ra c ch phat hin
li va sa li t thich ng trong o cac thu tuc sa li n la mt phn cua c
ch nay.
II.2. Mt t bao do tran hang i.
Vi mt kich thc thich hp cua cac hang i trong mang, s mt t bao
do tran hang i c giam xung ti gia tri chp nhn c, gia tri nay khoang
10-8. Vic tinh toan kich thc hang i c giam nhe rt nhiu bi tinh cht
hng lin kt cua ATM vi no tao kha nng mang cho phep hoc t chi mt
cuc ni mi nu tai cua cuc ni nho hn hoc ln hn tai con lai trong hang
i.

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Chng 2
iu khin li tiu
I. Mt s chc nng cua trng HEADER.
Bn phat, ma HEC c xac inh bi 4 bytes u trong phn tiu cua
t bao ATM, kt qua tinh toan c a vao byte th 5. Trng HEC c tao
ra co kha nng phat hin va sa li n va do tim c li kep trong phn
header (4 Bytes) cua t bao trong qua trinh truyn va nhn t bao.
Thm vao hoc ly ra cac t bao trng: Khi khng co t bao cha thng
tin hu ich, t bao khng xac inh hoc t bao OAM mc vt ly thi cac t bao
trng se c truyn trn ng truyn dn, nh vic chen thm s t bao trng
vao ng truyn.
Nhn bit gii han t bao: Chc nng nay cho phep bn thu nhn bit gii
han mt t bao. S nhn bit nay da trn s tng quan cua cac bit tiu va
ma HEC tng ng.
Bin i dong t bao thanh cac khung truyn dn (Transmission Frame
Adaptation): Tai u phat chc nng nay co nhim vu lam cho dong t bao ti t
cac lp trn thich ng vi khung s liu c s dung trong h thng truyn
dn. Tai u thu, cac dong t bao c khi phuc lai t cac khung truyn dn.
Phat va khi phuc cac khung truyn dn: La chc nng di cung trong
lp con TC. No co nhim vu tao ra cac khung truyn dn va ghep cac t bao
ATM vao nhng khung nay. Kich thc khung truyn dn phu thuc t
truyn. Tai u thu, cac khung truyn dn c nhn bit va khi phuc lai dong
t bao ATM. Cu truc cac khung truyn co th khac nhau tuy thuc tng h
thng truyn dn cu th.

II. iu khin li.

II.1. iu khin li mao u.
iu khin li mao u (HEC) la ma vong d (CRC) 1 byte trong 5 byte
cua mao u t bao ATM. HEC iu khin li cho toan b mao u cua t bao.
HEC co kha nng sa li cho bit n va phat hin cac li a bit. Phn lp hi tu
truyn dn TC tao lp HEC phia phat va s dung no kim tra li mao u
phia thu. Qua trinh c thc hin nh sau:

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Tam bits cui trong phn tiu cua t bao la dung cho trng iu khin
li tiu HEC cha ma d vong CRC. Ma nay tinh toan cho 5 bytes tiu .
Phn phat xac inh gia tri cua HEC (8 bit) tai mao u t bao va chen kt qua
vao trng HEC trong mao u t bao. Gia tri o la phn d cua phep chia cua
tich s x8 vi gia tri mao u t bao khng cha gia tri trng HEC cho a thc
sinh g(x). a thc sinh c dung y la a thc: g(x)= x8+x2+x+1. a thc
nay co th sa toan b cac li n va phat hin ra phn ln cac nhom a li.
thc hin vic phn tach t bao mt cach hiu qua phn thu trong
trng hp bit bi trt, ITU-T khuyn nghi cac bit dung kim tra c tinh
bng vic s dung a thc sinh se c cng (cng modul 2) vi 1 ma 8 bit co
gia tri la 01010101 trc khi c chen vao trng HEC. Phia thu phai tr gia
tri ma 8 bit nay (bng cach cng modul 2) t trng HEC trc khi tip tuc x
ly. Phn thu hoat ng theo 2 phng thc: Phng thc sa li va phng thc
va phng thc phat hin li, phng thc ngm inh la phng thc sa li
n. Mao u t bao dc kim tra va nu phat hin li, mt trong 2 ng tac
sau se c khi ng, phu thuc vao trang thai lam vic cua phn thu.Trong
phng thc sa li, chi co li bit n c s va sau o phn thu chuyn
phng thc phat hin li, tt ca cac t bao ma co mao u bi li se bi loai bo.
Khi kim tra mao u ma khng phat hin li, phn thu se chuyn sang phng
thc sa li.

Pht hin
a li
(Loi b tbo)
Khng
pht hin
li
(Khng
lmg
)

Phng thc
t sa li

Khng pht hin li

(Khng lmg
)

Phng thc
pht hin li

Pht hin
li
(Loi b t
bo)

Pht hin
n li
(t sa li)
Chc nng sa li va phat hin li cua HEC co tac dung tranh c li bit
nva lam giam xac sut vic gi t bao co li mao u, c bit trong iu
kin xay ra li t bin (bursty errors). c tinh li cua cac h thng truyn dn
cap quang, la mi trng chu yu dung cho ng dung ATM, co xu hng la s
t hp cua cac li bit n va li t bin.
iu khin li HEC la cn thit bi vi t bao trong khi truyn trn mang
nu gia tri VPI/VCI cua no sai dn n truyn sai ia chi.
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Ngoai ra nh trong SONET, HEC con c dung phat hin ra bin gii
gia cac t bao. thc ra no cung co hai cach s ly vi HEC:
nu phat hin sai, t bao se bi loai bo.
Sa lai bit bi li.
Nu ng truyn la cap quang thi cach th nht co th ap dung vi se
khng qua nhiu hoc chi bi mt li. Nhng i vi ng truyn chay bng cap
xon thng thng, thi vic dung cach th nht co th khng mang lai hiu qua
tt vi nhiu co th tac ng n mt nhom ln cac bits. Do o phn tiu c
thay i theo tng chng (thay i VPI/VCI) nni vi mi chng cn phai
kim tra va tinh toan lai CRC.

II.2. Phn tach t bao va tao tin hiu gia ngu nhin.
Trong c ch nay, Bit cui cung cua HEC c dung kim tra phn tach
t bao. Qua trinh nay c tin hanh theo cac bc sau:
u tin trang thai tim kim ng b HUNT thc hin vic kim tra tng
bit cua tiu t bao va nhn c. Nu nh ranh gii byte c phn inh
trong lp vt ly u thu, trc khi xay ra phn tach t bao, thi qua trinh phn
tach t bao c thc hin qua tng byte trang thai tin ng b, qua trinh
phn tach c thc hin bng vic kim tra tng t bao mt phat hin gia tri
HEC ung. Khi gia tri HEC nh a thoa thun trn c phat hin hay lut ma
hoa HEC c tun thu, co nghia t bao khng bi li tc la a phat hin ra mao
u cua 1 t bao thi h thng hiu rng phn tiu ung va chuyn sang trang
thai tin ng b PRESYNCH.
Trong trang thai nay, h thng kim tra lin tuc ma HEC cua cac t bao lin
tip. Co nghia la, h thng ban u coi tin hiu HEC ung cua ln u tin nh
la mt ham ngu nhin (ngu nhin ma no ung), nu ham nay ma khng phai la
tin hiu ng b thi no se bi sai t bao tip theo, h thng lai quay tr lai trang
thai tim kim. Nu lin tip mt s ln ma HEC ung thi h thng chuyn sang
trang thai ng b SYNCH.
Ngc lai, nu HEC co gia tri sai hoc ung lin tip n delta -1 ln, qua
trinh se chuyn sang trang thai tim kim ng b. Qua trinh thc hin nh hinh
ve:

Trang 23

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Theo tng bit

Sai lin tip
anpha ln

T
m ngb
HUNT

HEC sai

HEC
ng
ngb
SYNC

Tin ngb
PRESYNC

ng lin tip
delta ln

Theo tng cell

Trong trang thai ng b, qua trinh phn tach c coi la hong nu nh

HEC nhn sai lin tip gia tri HEC. Cac tham s va c chon thoa man cac yu
cu v an toan va tinh hoat ng cua qua trinh phn tach t bao. Tinh hoat
ng phu thuc vao con am bao phu thuc vao. Cac tham s khach hang va
c a ra trong khuyn nghi I.432 cua ITU-T nh trong bang sau:
anpha
delta
Lp vt ly trn c s SDH

Lp vt ly trn c s t bao

Toan b qua trinh c m ta theo s thut toan sau:

III. Thut toan iu khin li

Qua trinh xoa cac b m nhm am bao cho iu kin: Trng HEC ung
lin tip delta ln, hoc sai lin tip anpha ln c thoa man, ng thi mi khi
khng thoa iu kin nay thi b m lai c khi tao lai t u nu nh co mt
trng hp trai ngc xay ra trong khoang thi gian o...
Vi du v qua trinh phat hin li:
Qua trinh a thng tin sa li chinh la li dung cng thc sau:
x F ( x ) r ( x ) = G ( x ) h( x )

Chng han thng tin bn phat truyn i la:

01010111 01001100 00010111 10011001 HEC Data

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Bt u
Cell ban
u

K im tra
ng thi

000
001
010

Tm ng b
theo bit

Nhy t i

Tm
B

T in
B

**

HEC ng

ng
B

Tin ng b
theo byte

X o b mT

HEC ng
S

Tng b mT

mT=
delta ln

mF=
anpha ln

**

Pht hin li

ng b

S
K hng
c li

Thy li

Li n

Tng b mF

HEC ng

C li
S
a li

c li n

Sa li

Lo i b t bo

X o b mF

Cell m i
cp nht

Gi ch ng trnh
pht hin v
sa li

K t thc

Trang 25

Thut ton sa li tr ng tiu H EC

t i u thu

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Trong 4 byte u thng tin c ma hoa dang a thc:
F(x)= x 30 + x 28 + x 26 + x 25 + x 24 + x 22 + x19 + x18 + x12 + x10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 +1
Sau khi cac bit trong 4 byte u c oc vao no c nhn vi tc la dich
i 8 bit:
x 8 .F(x)= x 38 + x 36 + x 34 + x 33 + x 32 + x 30 + x 27 + x 26 + x 20 + x18 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x12 + x11 + x 8
Ri tich s y c chia cho a thc sinh G(x)= x 8 + x 2 +x+1
01010111 01001100 00010111 10011001 00000000 Y 100000111
1000001 11
1010110 11101100 10010000 01101000
0010110 10
10000 0111
00110 1111
100 000111
010 111000
10 0000111
00 1110111
10000011 1
01101101 1
1000001 11
0101100 01
100000 111
001100 101
1000 00111
0100 10001
100 000111
000 100100
10000011 1
00010000 0
10000 0111
00000 01101001 00000000
1000001 11
0101000 11
100000 111
001000 001
1000 00111
0000 00011000 => Phn d r(x)

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Phep toan o thc cht la cach cng modul 2 cua mt b dich chuyn theo
vong a c cng hoa:

x 8 F ( x)
= x 30 + x 28 + x 26 + x 25 + x 23 + x 22 + x 21 + x19 + x18 + x15 + x12 x 6 + x 5 + x 3
G ( x)

va phn d la r(x)= x 4 + x 3 . Phn a thc r(x) c ma hoa thanh 8 bit 00011000

va a vao trng HEC. Nh vy 5 byte mao u c truyn tai bn phat la:
01010111 01001100 00010111 10011001 00011000
Nu bn thu, thu c mt day bit ma khng ung nh bn phat
+Gia s o la day bit: 01010110 01001100 00010111 10011001 00011000.
Bn thu thc hin phep chia day bit nhn c cho a thc sinh g(x) nu phep
chia khng ht thi a co li xay ra.
x 8 F(x)-r(x)=G(x)h(x) v d r(x)/g(x)
a thc li chinh la r(x).
Ta se chng minh iu nay thng qua vi du trn:

01010110 01001100 00010111 10011001 00011000

Trang 27

| 100000111

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

1000001 11
0010111 10
10000 0111
00111 1111
100 000111
011 111000
10 0000111
01 1110111
1 00000111
0 11101001
10000011 1
01101010 1
1000001 11
0101011 01
100000 111
001011 101
1000 00111
0011 10001
10 0000111
01 1000000
1 00000111
0 10000110
10000011 1
01010110 01001100 00010111 10011001 00011000
Y 100000111
......
khng q.tm n thng s
00000101 0
100 000111
001 000001
1 00000111
0 00000010
10 0000111
00 00010110
Phep chia co d: r(x)=10110= x 4 + x 2 + x . Nh vy a co li xay ra.

Chng 3

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Tinh toan hai bc cua ma d tun hoan CRC-32

cho ATM
I. Gii thiu.
Trong linh vc vin thng, trong s lng ln cac ma d tun hoan
c s dung thi ma ATM CRC-32 la kho tinh toan vi no da trn a thc co
bc la 32 va co nhiu hn nhiu s hang (15) so vi bt ky a thc CRC c s
dung chung khac. Vic kim tra va tao ra ma CRC noi chung la c tin hanh
theo tng byte, trong mt c gng i mt vi vic tng ang k thng lng
d liu cua cac tuyn truyn d liu tc cao. Nhiu tinh toan la cn thit
x ly mt byte mi ti cua d liu nu nh s cac s hang cua a thc ln, bi
vi cn phai kt hp nhiu bit cua kt qua trung gian hin hanh tinh tng bit
cua cac bc tip theo. iu nay co khuynh hng i ngc lai vi li th tc
ni tai cua vic tinh toan tng byte do yu cu x ly c thc hin mi
chu ky. Bai tiu lun nay tim hiu phng thc ma lam tng tinh phc tap bn
trong cua vic tinh toan ma CRC-32. No cho phep x ly nhanh cac ban tin
AAL5, ma cac ban tin nay phai c phn oan trong cac t bao ATM khi CRC32 dc tinh mt u cui va phai c tp hp lai t cac t bao ATM khi
CRC-32 c kim tra i vi toan b d liu tai ich n. Vic tinh toan c
chia lam hai bc:
1. Phep chia th nht c thc hin bng mt a thc rt n gian trn toan
b ban tin (cho n khi nhn c hoc phn oan cui cung).
2. Phep chia th hai c thc hin chi mt ln vi phn d sau phep chia
th nht bng mt a thc CRC-32 thng thng vi muc ich nhn c
kt qua cui cung.

II. Tng quan:

Cac ban tin c truyn qua mt mang truyn tai khng ng b ATM
phai c phn thanh cac goi ngn, chiu dai khng thanh i c goi la cac t
bao phn ngun va c gom lai phn ich. Mt vai cac lp thich nghi c
inh nghia t cac tiu chun ATM, no cho bit qua trinh x ly c tin hanh
nh th nao. Lp thich nghi ATM s 5 (AAL5) la cach x ly n gian nht t
phn oan thanh cac t bao bn ngun va tp hp lai bn ich. No cung lam cho
vic s dung bng thng tr ln tt hn, bi vi khng nh cac lp thich nghi
khac, no khng oi hoi oan mao u trong tng t bao ngoai tr vai byte trong
trng thng tin cua t bao cui cung. Vi nhng ly do nay AAL5 co xu hng
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

tr thanh mt phng phap c u chung hn chia thng tin thanh cac t
bao. Vi phai am bao tinh toan ven cua d liu, ngi ta s dung ky thut kim
tra d tun hoan chun CRC trn toan b ban tin va mt chui kim tra
khung FSC c cng thm vao vi d liu va c truyn cung t bao cui
cung. Tai u cui xa trong khi thc hin tp hp cac t bao lai se kim tra
tinh toan ven d liu cua ban tin. a thc c la chon bi cac chun lin quan
v cu truc thc hin CRC AAL5 ging nh a thc bc 32 c dung cho
giao din d liu phn b theo si quang FDDI:
G*(x) = x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
S lng ln cac s hang cua a thc nay lam cho no kho thc hin hn
cac ma CRC ang s dung, bit khi ta xem xet cac ng truyn tc cao
hn. Do vy muc cua AAL5 a ra cach thc phn oan va tp hp t bao lai
sao cho n gian va hiu qua bu c mt chut do vic cn thit phai tinh toan
va kim tra mt a thc CRC32 bc phc tap. Bai baoc cao nay tim hiu mt
phng thc cua vic gian hoa tinh toan theo trinh t d dang thc hin v
phn mach cho tinh toan CRC tc cao trong cng nghe CMOS tiu chun.

III. Hoan canh hin tai:

Ngc lai cac tiu chun CRC vic thc hin CRC ring bit dang cac
thanh ghi dich hi tip tuyn tinh (LFSR), trong o tai mi thi im thi chi co
th x ly mt bit, tt ca cac phng phap tng tc tinh toan CRC a c
bit u hng ti xut vic x ly theo mc byte. Trong phng phap nay
xut loai bo kiu ghi dich va x ly tinh toan trc tip tuy thuc vao c s toan
hoc cua cac ma CRC (cu truc ai s cua a thc) cho phep thu c kt qua tt
hn nhiu n khi vic thc thi phn cng cp n. Vic tinh toan tng byte
miu ta yu cu tng ng 114 cng XOR hai u vao va mt cng XOR 8
u vao tinh toan cac gia tri bit tip theo.
Tuy nhin, iu nay vn co th la qua nhiu, vi du i vi tinh toan tc
rt cao oi hoi x ly cac u ni AAL5 ATM chay qua cac ng OC-12.
i vi cac ng OC-12 (622x10 6 bit/s) thi c khoang 13 ns thi co mt byte
thu v (2,4x109 bit/s). Mc du khg phai toan b lu lng cua cac ng nh
vy la cac u ni AAL5 - u ni ma cn thit phai phn oan va tp hp t
bao. Nhng con s nh th biu thi rng dung lng x ly tc thi co th phai
rt cao ch khng phai lam suy giam cht lng tng th tai mt nut mang.

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

IV. n gian hoa phep tinh:

Tt ca cac phng phap tinh toan CRC a bit u x ly bng cach chia
ban tin cho a thc sinh CRC G(x) c la chon thc hin vic tinh toan. y
tng mi trong phng phap mi tim hiu la tin hanh s tinh toan nay thanh 2
bc:
1.
Qua trinh kim tra va tao ma CRC c thc hin bi mt a thc
khac, M(x), M(x) = G(x).P(x), ngoai tr bc cui cung. a thc nay
phai la a thuc bi s cua a th CRC G(x), s d cua phep chia
u tin cua ban tin cho M(x) la chia ht va tt nhin cung chia c
cho G(x). P(x) la mt a thc co bc cang thp cang tt bc cua
M(x) cung thp. Vi th no phai c chon sao cho a thc kt qua
M(x) co it s hang hn G(x) vic cia u tin n gian. vic tinh
toan d dagn hn, cu truc cua M(x) se c thao lun su hn phn
tip theo.
2. Kt qua cua phep chia u tin ma c thc hin trn tt ca cac cell
cu thanh ban tin la mt vect co dai khng i va co bc bng vi
bc cua a thc M(x). Tip n, vect nay c chia mt ln duy nht
cho G(x) thu c kt qua cui cung.

IV.1. n gian M(x):

a thc M(x) = G(x).P(x) c cho la a thc n gian nu co it c s
hn G(x). Khng co bt ky a thc n gian nao thoa man yu cu bi vi no
phai thoa man co cac c s trong khoang t gia tri cc ai (bc cao nht cua a
thc) n gia tri (x0 hoc 1). Nu trong qua trinh tinh toan c thc hin trn
tng byte thi cac luy tha cua cac c s cn cach nhau it nht la 8 bit qua
trinh tinh toan khong chng cheo ln nhau.
Ly vi du, a thc bi cua CRC-32 G(x) c cho di y:
M(x) = x123 + x120 + x80 + x74 + x53 + x45 + 1
No chi co 7 c s nhng lai khng tt bng a thc sau:
M(x) = x123 + x111 + x92 + x84 + x64 + x46 + x23 + 1
a thc trn thm chi con nhiu hn mt s hang. Nhng trong vi du th 2, tt
ca luy tha cua cac c s cach nhau it nht 8 bit. Vi a thc nay , phep chia
u tin co th thc hin c 8 bit mt ln chi bng cac phn t XOR hai u
vao bi may trang thai c th hin hinh 1. Trong o vic tinh toan c
thc hin trong cac a thc ai s modulo G*(x). Vic tinh toan c thc hin
modulo M123 sao cho kt qua cua bt ky phep toan nao cung la mt vect co
dai khng qua 123 bit. thc hin may trang thai nh hinh 1 chi cn 56
Trang 31

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

phn t XOR hai u vao va 123 cng. 67 bit con lai cua kt qua trung gian tip
theo n gian chi la s dich bit (8 vi tri) cua kt qua hin thi. iu nay cho
phep may trang thai hoat ng tc rt cao, vi th vic tinh toan co th duy
tri tc rt cao cua cac ng truyn thng cap quang hin nay. at c
tc nay la do co nhiu bit c x ly ng thi va cn lu mt vect dai hn
(123 bit thay vi 32) vi cac kt qua trung gian trong qua trinh thc hin tinh
toan. y khng phai la s han ch thi im hin tai, khi ma cac mang cng
co th ln ti 100 000 cng. Vi vy, nguyn ly xut trn cho phep con ngi
li dung kich thc cua vect x ly trong qua trinh tinh toan.
Cac thoa hip khac co th ap ng c nu a vao s dung cac phn t
XOR nhiu cng hn (3, 4, cng) togn khi vn am bao c tc x ly yu
cu. Hai a thc khac thc hin nguyn ly tinh toan trn c lit k trong bng
1 cung vi M123 va G*(x).

IV.2. Phep chia cui cung:

Theo nguyn l m t trn, php chia cui cng phi c thc hin vi
G(x). Bi v php chia th hai v php chia cui cng ny c p dng cho
mt vect c di ngn, khng i (bt k di bn tin lc u l bao nhiu),
do vy cc k thut lc ny thng l khng thc t do bn tin cn x l c th
c kch thc bt k. V vy cch n gin nht l lm vic vi mt t c di
c nh. Mt ma trn c to ra (ma trn H, k hiu ECC) v c thc hin
di dng mt mng t hp thc hin php chia cui cng. u vo ca
mng ny l phn d ca ca php chia u tin (chng hn l mt vc t 123 bt
nu M123 c chn), v u ra l phn d- vct 32 bt ca php chia cho
G*(x).
Nh vy, mt mng logic d dng c rt ra t G(x). V phng php
thc hin n c th c tm thy mc [6] v trong nhiu ti liu xut bn
khc cp n ECC. i vi mng 2, vct u vo 53 bt chnh l kt qu ca
php chia cho M53 (nh ch s t 0 n 52) c p dng cho ma trn 53 ct
tnh mt gi tr bt cho mi mt dng trong s 32 dng. Phn t u tin trong
mi dng ca ma trn biu din cc bt ca vc t u vo tnh chn l cn
phi tnh ly ra vc t 32 bt (c nh ch s t 0 n 31) l kt qu ca
php chia cho G(x). Ct c ghi ch l XOR inputs trong 2 bn cho bit c
bao nhiu bt ca u vo cn phi kt hp tnh bt ca dng tng ng. Mt
phn t XOR 13 u vo c yu cu. Tc ca mt mng nh vy theo mt
ngha no tng ng vi chu trnh thi gian ca my trng thi c m t
trn; Tnh tng ng ca mt vi chu trnh l cn thit sinh ra kt qu. Tuy
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

nhin, vic tnh ton nh th ch c thc hin 1 ln cui v ngi ta d nhn
thy rng, qu trnh tnh ton tng th r rng nhanh hn cc phng php
truyn thng thm ch vi c cc bn tin ngn (l bn tin c kch thc 1 n v
x l).

Byte mi
(Byte cao, trc)

Khi nhn Vect M123

(48 cng XOR hai u
vo)
123

123
8

B cng (8 cng
XOR hai u
vo)

115

8
Thanh ghi 123 bit lu tr phn d hin hnh

Hnh 3.1. My trng thi tnh ton phn d ca php chia th nht cho
M123
a thc M(x)
M123 = x123 + x111 + x92 + x84 + x64 + x46 + x23 + 1
M71 = x71 + x57 + x48 + x44 + x36 + x22 + x15 + x8 + 1
M53 = x53 + x38 + x36 + x33 + x30 + x27 + x25 + x7 + x3 + 1
G*(x) nh trong [5 ]

u vo cn thit cc
i ca b XOR
2
3
4
8

Bng 3.1. Cc a thc thc hin php chia u tin v N u vo cc i

i hi ca b XOR

V. Tng kt phng php.

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

Nguyn l tnh ton c tng kt di y cho M123. Ly v d, gi s
cho bn tin cn x l c di 1Kb. Thi gian chu trnh ca my trng thi
x l 1 byte c th t hn 10ns (my trng thi 100MHz) vi 1 phn t XOR hai
u vo. Khi , 48 byte ca mi mt t bo ATM c tnh ton trong 480ns
(mt t bo chim 700ns tc 622MBps). Bn tin y , gm 21 t bo cn
hn 10s cho php chia cui cng, v c th thc hin trong 5 chu trnh hoc t
hn (chng hn ti a l 50ns). V th, trong v d ny, php chia cui cng
chim ch 0.5% tng thi gian tnh ton. i vi mt bn tin kch thc 1 t bo
n (trng hp xu nht) s c x l trong 480ns, v php chia cui cng
chim xp x khong 10% tng thi gian tnh ton. Nguyn l hai bc c m
t trong ti liu ny c tng kt trong hnh 2 cho M123
Ba a thc cho trong bng 1 l cc a thc tt nht m tc gi c th tm trong
qu trnh tm kim a thc bc 128 l bi ca G(x). (Ch nhng a thc ny khi
nhn vi cc c s lin tip c cc s m chnh lch nhau 8 hoc hn l vn
m bo. Cc a thc M71 v M53 thc cht l sn phm ca kt qu tm kim.
N c rt ra tm a thc bc thp nht c th m bo m php chia u
tin c thc hin theo 8 bit mt ln khi ch yu cu vi cc phn t XOR hai
u vo. M123 chnh l kt qu tm kim). Vic s dng ton t 2 u vo m
bo trng thi my t c tc nhanh nht c th. Mt ci tin ca nguyn
l c tho lun trong ti liu ny ch c tc dng i vi mt a thc c bc
nh hn 123, vi cc c s t hn, n yu cu phn cng t hn nhng khng
em li u im g v tc .

Kt lun
Phng pht tnh ton CRC-32 cho ATM lp 5 AAL5 tc cao.
Php chia ln u c thc hin vi mt thc M(x) khc so vi a thc
c chn theo cc tiu chun sao cho vic tnh ton d dng hn trong khi cc
sell vn c truyn v nhn bnh thng. Khi t bo cui cng c x l, mt
php chia n cui cng cho a thc CRC-32 G*(x) c thc hin kt thc
qu trnh tnh ton. Nguyn l ny hon ton c th thc hin c do M(x) l
mt a thc bi c G*(x), cho php thc hin hu ht cc tnh ton vi mt my
trng thi rt nhanh m li c th thch hp vi tc rt cao x l cho cc kt
ni AAL5 c truyn dn trn cc si cap quang, cng nh OC-12
(622Mb/s), trng hp ny, cc t bo ATM cung c x l trong tng khong
700ns. Nguyn l vn cho php s dng cc cng ngh CMOS tiu chun, trong

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

khi mt hiu sut cao hn thng cn thit tnh ton vi cc phng php
truyn thng m ch bng cc a thc G*(x).
Lp li cho
ti byte cui
ca cui
cng

Bn tin
My trng thi (hnh
1)
Thanh ghi 123 bit

Phn d ca php chia u

tin
Sp xp t hp
Thanh ghi 32
bit
Phn d ca php chia cui
cng
Hnh 3.2. Hai bc tnh ton ca m CRC-32 vi M123

VI. Chng trnh m phng.

S dng tin ch ny xc nh s CRC vi cc file trn a. Rt thun
tin khi khc phc s c ca chnh chng trnh. M ngun vit bng C++ gii
thch mt phn thun tin rt nh ca thut ton CRC-32. c c th ho trong
chng trnh tnh ton vn bn CRC.
Chng trnh c vit nh sau:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "CRCfile.h"
#include "CRCfileDlg.h"
#ifdef _DEBUG
#define new DEBUG_NEW
#undef THIS_FILE
static char THIS_FILE[] = __FILE__;
#endif
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

// CCRCfileApp
BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CCRCfileApp, CWinApp)
//{{AFX_MSG_MAP(CCRCfileApp)
// NOTE - the ClassWizard will add and remove mapping macros here.
// DO NOT EDIT what you see in these blocks of generated code!
//}}AFX_MSG
ON_COMMAND(ID_HELP, CWinApp::OnHelp)
END_MESSAGE_MAP()
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CCRCfileApp construction
CCRCfileApp::CCRCfileApp()
{
// TODO: add construction code here,
// Place all significant initialization in InitInstance
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The one and only CCRCfileApp object
CCRCfileApp theApp;
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CCRCfileApp initialization
BOOL CCRCfileApp::InitInstance()
{
// Standard initialization
// If you are not using these features and wish to reduce the size
// of your final executable, you should remove from the following
// the specific initialization routines you do not need.
#ifdef _AFXDLL
Enable3dControls();

// Call this when using MFC in a shared DLL

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

#else
Enable3dControlsStatic();
#endif

// Call this when linking to MFC statically

CCRCfileDlg dlg;
m_pMainWnd = &dlg;
int nResponse = dlg.DoModal();
if (nResponse == IDOK)
{
// TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
// dismissed with OK
}
else if (nResponse == IDCANCEL)
{
// TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
// dismissed with Cancel
}
// Since the dialog has been closed, return FALSE so that we exit the
// application, rather than start the application's message pump.
return FALSE;
}
// Everything above this line is AppWizard generated code
c im t kho ca a thc CRC

x+1

M t :
(Chun tc ca hm thun nghch)
0x1 or 0x1 (0x1)

x5 + x2 + 1

0x05 or 0x14 (0x9)

x7 + x3 + 1
x8 + x2 + x + 1
x12 + x11 + x3 + x2 + x + 1

0x09 or 0x48 (0x11)

0x07 or 0xE0 (0xC1)
0x80F or 0xF01 (0xE03)

x16 + x12 + x5 + 1

0x1021 or 0x8408 (0x0811)

Tn
CRC-1
CRC-5USB
CRC-7
CRC-8
CRC-12
CRC-16CCITT

a thc

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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

CRC-16IBM

x16 +x15 + x2 + 1

0x8005 or 0xA001 (0x4003)

x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 +

CRC-32x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2
IEEE 802.3
+x+1
x32 + x28 + x27 + x26 + x25 + x23 +
CRC-32C
x22 + x20 + x19 + x18 + x14 + x13 +
(Castagnoli) 11
x + x10 + x9 + x8 + x6 + 1
CRC-64ISO

64

0x04C11DB7 or 0xEDB88320
(0xDB710641)
0x1EDC6F41 or 0x82F63B78
(0x05EC76F1)
0x000000000000001B or
0xD800000000000000
(0xB000000000000001)

x +x +x +x+1

x64 + x62 + x57 + x55 + x54 + x53 +

x52 + x47 + x46 + x45 + x40 + x39 +
CRC-64x38 + x37 + x35 + x33 + x32 + x31 +
ECMA-182 x29 + x27 + x24 + x23 + x22 + x21 +
x19 + x17 + x13 + x12 + x10 + x9 +
x7 + x4 + x + 1
CRC-128 (IEEE? / ITU?)

0x42F0E1EBA9EA3693 or
0xC96C5795D7870F42
(0x92D8AF2BAF0E1E85)
?

Tnh ton v s dng CRC-32

Chng trnh vit bng C
//---------------------------------------#ifndef crc32H
#define crc32H
//---------------------------------------DWORD crc32table[512];
void

buildcrc32table();

int calc_crc32(char * buffer, int size);

#endif
the cpp file
//--------------------------------------Trang 38

Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

#include
#pragma hdrstop
#include "crc32.h"
//--------------------------------------#pragma package(smart_init)
void buildcrc32table()
{
const DWORD crcpoly=0xEDB88320;
WORD i,j;
DWORD r;
for (i=0;i<512;i++) crc32table[i]=0;
for (i=0;i<=255;i++)
{ r = (i << 1);
for (j=8; j>0; j--)
{ if ((r & 1)!=0)
{ r= (r>>1)^crcpoly;}
else { r = (r >>1); }
}
crc32table[i]=r;
}
}
int calc_crc32(char * buffer, int size)
{
int u,h,tcrc;
int i;
tcrc=0xFFFFFFFF;
for (i=0;i<=(size-1);i++)
{ u=buffer[i];
// one byte signextend
h=crc32table[(byte)(u ^ tcrc)] ^ ((tcrc>>8) & 0x00FFFFFF);
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

tcrc=h;
}
return -h;
}
Cch dng thng thng
..
buildcrc32table(); // required once
..
unsigned char TxMsgBuffer[6000];
int TxSize;
void DSPCommSend()
{
int i;
unsigned char LenLo, LenHi;
unsigned char CRC_1,CRC_2,CRC_3,CRC_4;
WORD Len;
unsigned int CRC;
LenLo=(TxSize & 0xFF);
LenHi=((TxSize & 0xFF00)>>8);
TxMsgBuffer[0]=SYN;
TxMsgBuffer[1]=SYN;
TxMsgBuffer[2]=SYN;
TxMsgBuffer[3]=SYN;
TxMsgBuffer[4]=STX;
TxMsgBuffer[5]=LenLo;
TxMsgBuffer[6]=LenHi;
for (i=0;i>8);
CRC_3=((CRC & 0xFF0000)>>16);
CRC_4=((CRC & 0xFF000000)>>24);
TxMsgBuffer[TxSize+7]=CRC_1;
TxMsgBuffer[TxSize+8]=CRC_2;
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Tiu lun: ng dng m CRC trong mng ATM

TxMsgBuffer[TxSize+9]=CRC_3;
TxMsgBuffer[TxSize+10]=CRC_4;
// Sendmessage(TxMsgBuffer,TxSize+10);
...
}
y l giao din khi chy chng trnh

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