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Course: Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication CS 731 By Dr Adnan Nadeem

Wireless
Topics in this lecture Signals, Antennas (forouzan) Propagation Multiplexing, Spread Spectrum

Wireless Transmission

Frequencies for communication

VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF = Very High Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light

Regulations
It is hard to find common worldwide regulations International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is responsible for world wide activities (wired & wireless)

Frequency and wave length = c/f wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
twisted pair coax cable optical transmission

1 Mm 300 Hz

10 km 30 kHz

100 m 3 MHz

1m 300 MHz

10 mm 30 GHz

100 m 3 THz

1 m 300 THz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

infrared

visible light UV

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Frequencies for mobile communication

VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections SHF and higher for directed radio links, microwave, satellite communication small antenna, beam forming large bandwidth available Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies) weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

Signals
physical representation of data function of time and location signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data classification continuous time or values /discrete time or values analog signal = continuous time and continuous values digital signal = discrete time and discrete values signal parameters of periodic signals: period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier: s(t) = At sin(2 ft t + t)

Transmission Media
Guided Media - coaxial cable
-Twisted pair cable

Unguided Media
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Unguided Media

Radio waves (multicast) communications, such as radio, television, and paging systems. Microwaves (unicast) communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. Infrared signals used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

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Antennas
Propagation methods

Omni directional Antennas

Omni directional characteristics of radio waves used for multicast communications such as radio, tv & paging system

Unidirectional Antennas
Microwaves use (unidirectional antennas) for unicast communication such as Cellular Telephone Satellite network

MIMO
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
Use of several antennas at receiver and transmitter Increased data rates and transmission range without additional transmit power or bandwidth via higher spectral efficiency, higher link robustness, reduced fading

Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range
communication possible low error rate

Examples
IEEE 802.11n,

Functions
Beamforming: emit the same signal from all antennas to maximize signal power at receiver antenna Spatial multiplexing: split high-rate signal into multiple lower rate streams and transmit over different antennas Diversity coding: transmit single stream over different antennas with (near) orthogonal codes t1 t2
Sending time 1: t0 2: t0-d2 3: t0-d3

Detection range
detection of the signal possible no communication possible

sender transmission distance detection interference

t3
3

1 2 Time of flight t2=t1+d2 t3=t1+d3

Interference range
receiver

sender

signal may not be detected signal adds to the background noise

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Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line) Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real environments (d = distance between sender and receiver) Receiving power additionally influenced by fading (frequency dependent) shadowing reflection at large obstacles refraction depending on the density of a medium scattering at small obstacles diffraction at edges

Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and
receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction
multipath LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender signal at receiver

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time

interference with neighbor symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts

2.14

Effects of mobility

Multiplexing

Channel characteristics change over time and location

signal paths change different delay variations of different signal parts different phases of signal parts quick changes in the power received (short term fading)
power long term fading

Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
space (si) time (t) frequency (f) code (c)

channels ki k1 c t c t k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

Additional changes in
distance to sender obstacles further away slow changes in the average power received (long term fading)

Goal: multiple use

of a shared medium

s1

f s2 c f

Important: guard spaces needed!

short term fading t

s3

2.15

2.16

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Frequency multiplex

Time multiplex

Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency

bands A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time Advantages
no dynamic coordination necessary works also for analog signals
k1 c f k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount

of time

Advantages
only one carrier in the medium at any time throughput high even for many users
c k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

Disadvantages
waste of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed unevenly inflexible
t

Disadvantages
precise synchronization necessary
t

2.17

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller

www.jochenschiller.de

MC - 2011

2.18

Time and frequency multiplex

Cognitive Radio
Typically in the form of a spectrum sensing CR
Detect unused spectrum and share with others avoiding interference Choose automatically best available spectrum (intelligent form of time/frequency/space multiplexing)

Combination of both methods A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
amount of time

Example: GSM Advantages

better protection against tapping protection against frequency selective interference
k1 c f k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

Distinguish
Primary Users (PU): users assigned to a specific spectrum by e.g. regulation Secondary Users (SU): users with a CR to use unused spectrum

Examples
Reuse of (regionally) unused analog TV spectrum (aka white space) Temporary reuse of unused spectrum e.g. of pagers, amateur radio etc.
f
SU SU PU PU PU SU PU SU PU SU PU SU PU PU SU

but: precise coordination

required
t
SU SU PU

SU PU

PU

space mux
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

frequency/time mux
www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

2.19

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller

2.20

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Code multiplex

Modulation
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

Each channel has a unique code

Digital modulation
digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband) ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus in this chapter differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness

All channels use the same spectrum

at the same time

Advantages
bandwidth efficient no coordination and synchronization necessary good protection against interference and tapping
f

Analog modulation
shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier

Motivation
smaller antennas (e.g., /4) Frequency Division Multiplexing medium characteristics

Disadvantages
varying user data rates more complex signal regeneration
t

Basic schemes
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Implemented using spread spectrum technology

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2011

2.21

2.22

Summary
Summarize based on your learning