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School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering EEGR 215 Electronic Materials and Devices

Project 1 Schrodingers Project

02/20/2012 1)

The general stationary state solution for the Schrdinger equation for the stationary wave is given by (x) = A eikx + A eikx -----------(1) with V(x) = 0 12 This equation represents the superposition of two waves traveling in the +x direction with amplitude of A1 and other traveling in -x direction with amplitude of A2 Also, the one dimensional Schrdinger equation is given by

---------------------- (2)

For V(x)=0 since it corresponds to the free particle,

and Now, rewriting the eqn 1 using the Eulers relation, (x) = A1 (cos kx + i sin kx) + A2 {cos(kx) + isin(kx)} = ( A1 + A2 ) cos kx + i( A1 A2 ) sin kx For x = 0, (0) = A1 + A2 or, A2= - A1 Hence, (x) = 2iA1sin kx = C sin kx-------------- (3) k can be any number, to satisfy the boundary condition kL = n so,

Hence, for V (0) equation (2) becomes

Using the De-broglies wave length,

Now, substituting the value of k in eqn 3

where,n=1,2,3.......

The normalization condition for the particle to exist between x = - and x = + must be equal to 1, i.e

Now, plotting the graph for (x) for the three wave functions and energy levels, Using the equations, 4 and 5 The data points are obtained on MSExcel, We know, h= m= L= 6.67E-34Js 9.31E-31kg 10000000000m

The values for x was obtained from 0-10 in an interval of pi/6 which is shown

6 below, and the corresponding (x) was obtained for n=1 to 3

Similarly, the Energy was obtained for n= 1 to 3 nE . 1 2.35815E-56J . 2 9.43261E-56J . 3 2.12234E-55J The Graphs were obtained, which are listed below,

8 2) The distance of the well was extended to 1000A so the interval for x was also extended this time at the interval of 60. The data points and plots for the three energy levels are shown below:

3) Given, Potential height (U0) = 2.4 eV

10 Energy (E) = 2.1 eV The probability of the tunneling is given by,

where

Therefore, by comparing the probabilities, the probability of finding the particle at

11 a distance of 12A is more than 48A. Plotting the Probability Curve, The data points were first obtained in Excel and then the graphs were plotted as shown below:

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Observing the decaying probability curve, it is clear that the probability is decreasing exponentially as the length of the tunnel, or width L increases. Also, the probability of finding the particle at the barrier is very high, from the graph. Considering the particles kinetic energy and the width L there is a probability of finding the particle at the right of the barrier after the tunneling phenomena. At such case the probability T has to be proportional to the square of the ratio of the amplitudes of sinusoidal wave functions on the two sides of the barrier. 4) Given,

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The probability of finding the particle are as follows: (a) 0<x<a0 Using the normalizing condition,

= 0.393 Hence, the probability is 39.3% (b) a0/4<x<a0/2 Using the normalizing condition,

= 0.238

16 Hence, the probability is 23.8% (c) 0<x<a0 Using the normalizing condition,

Hence, the probability is 86.4% 5) Here, 0<x<a 0<y<a 0<z<a The Schrdinger equation for the three dimensions x, y, and z for time independent is given by

Separating the variables,

17 Now, dividing both sides of equation 1 by

Now, we know that, for the one dimension Schrdingers equation

Since, the particle has three different component of momentum given by px, py and pz Hence, the kinetic energy is given by,

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For, n=3 and a= 10 the 3d graph obtained in Matlab is shown below:

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