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Interpretations of Test Results in Routine Urine Analysis
Interpretations of Test Results in Routine Urine Analysis
2) Brown-black
3) Dark yellow 4) Light straw / very pale yellow 5) Orange 6) Orange-yellow 7) Pink 8) Purple 9) Red
Concentrated urine, foods such as carrots Large fluid intake, dilute urine
Appearance
Phenothiazines Excessive exercise; foods such as Porphyria, blood Anticoaguklants, cascara (with alkaline urine) deferoxamine beets, rhubarb, blackberries mesylate, doxorubicin, ibuprofen, methyldopa, phenazopyridine, phenolphthalein (n some laxatives), phenothiazines, phenytoin, rifamin, salicylates, senna (with alkaline urine) 10) Red-brown Levodopa, phenytoin 11) Red-orange Rifabutin, rifampin 12) Rust Phenothiazines, sulfonamides 13) Yellow Nitrofurantoin, riboflavin, sulfonamides Cloudy - may be due to the presence of bacteria, fat, red blood cells, or white blood cells; may also be due to change in pH Smoky - may be due to the presence of blood
pH
Protein
Negative
1) Alkaptonuria 8) Renal tuberculosis 2) Dehydration 9) Respiratory acidosis 3) Diabetes mellitus 10) Foods: cranberry juice, eggs, 4) Diarrhea meats, pineapple juice, high5) Fever protein diets 6) Metabolic acidosis 7) Phenylketonuria False-negative results may occur if the urine is highly diluted
Glucose
Negative
Drugs which may cause false-negative results: cancer metabolites (hydroxyindoleacetic acid), hydrogen peroxide (contaminant) Drugs which may cause either false-positive or false negative results: ascorbic acid, homogentisic acid, levodopa, methyldopa, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, salicylates Interferences may occur due to high ketone levels, high specific gravity, and low temperatures
Ketones
Negative
Diets high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates may alter test results.
Urobilinogen
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Biliary obstruction Inflammatory disease Renal insufficiency Severe diarrhea Drugs: anitbiotics
Negative (routine) No more than 0.2 mg/dL (<0.34 mol/L) Negative Negative Negative
Drugs which may cause false-negative results: ascorbic acid Exposure of the specimen to light may affect test results
Pregnancy test
False-negative results may occur in the presence of ascorbic acid, tetracycline, and protein False negative results may occur due to presence of yeasts, Gram-positive bacteria, inadequate nitrate levels (diet lacking in green vegetables), large number of bacteria, high specific gravity, antibiotic therapy, freshly voided specimen, or urine withdrawn from a urinary catheter 1) Abortion 2) Fetal demise 3) Threatened abortion
False negative results may occur if the test was performed too early in the pregnancy (should be performed no earlier than five days after first missed menstrual period) or in the presence of hematuria and proteinuria
Results should always be interpreted in conjunction with patients medical history, clinical presentation, and other findings.