Integration

f(x) ∫ f(x) dx

x n +1
xn n + 1 + c ; where c is a constant and n ≠ - 1

c cx + k ; where c and k are constants

sin x − cos x + c ; where c is a constant

− cos( ax + b )
sin ( ax + b ) a + k ; where a, b and k are
constants

cos x sin x + k ; where k is a constant

sin ( ax + b )
cos ( ax + b ) a + k ; where a, b and k are
constants

sec 2 x tan x + k ; where k is a constant

tan ( ax + b )
sec 2 ( ax + b ) a + k ; where a, b and k are
constants

ex e x + k ; where k is a constant

e (ax + b)
e ax + b a + k ; where a, b and k are constants

ax
ax ln a + k ; where a and k are constants

1
x ln |x| + k ; where k is a constant

1 ln (ax + b)
ax + b a + k ; where a, b and k are
constants
 f ' ( x)
1. Integration of the form ∫ f ( x) dx

'
f (x)
dx = ln | f(x) | + k
∫ f(x)

x 1 − 4x
a)
∫ 3 x + 5 dx
2
b) ∫ tan x dx c)
∫ 3 + x − 2x 2
dx

ex x 6x
∫ x
d) e + 1 dx e)
∫1+ x 2
dx
∫
f) 1 + 3 x
2
dx

x −1 2 x 2 + 3x 1
g)
∫ x + 1 dx h)
∫ 2 x − 1 dx i)
∫ x ln x dx

Answer

1 ln(3 x 2 + 5) + c 2 x
− ln(cos x ) + c ln( 3 + x − 2 x ) + c ln(e + 1) + c
a) 6 b) c) d)
2
x
2 2 + 2 x + ln( 2 x − 1) + c
1
e) 2 ln(1 + x )+c
f) ln(1 + 3 x ) + c g) x − 2 ln( x + 1) + c h) 2

i) ln(ln x ) + c

2. Integration of rational functions by means of decomposition

into partial fractions

3 1 2 x − 11
a) i) ∫ (x − 1)(x + 2)
dx
ii) ∫ 1 − x 2 dx iii)
∫x 2
− 5 x + 4 dx
3
x
iv)
∫x 2
− 4 dx

3
b) Express (2 x + 1)( x − 1) in partial fractions. Hence find the exact
3
3
∫2 (2 x + 1)( x − 1)
value of dx

(6x + 7) 2
∫dx = ln 12
c) Show that 1 (2x − 1)(x + 2)

2
 x
∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)
d) Find dx

1
∫ x( x + 1)
e) Find dx

2 x 2 + 3x
f)
∫ 2 x − 1 dx
Answers:

3
x−1 1+ x ( x − 1) 2
1 ln ln +c x
3 ln +c 2 +c + 2 ln | ( x + 2 )( x − 2) | + c
x+2 1− x x−4
a) i) ii) iii) iv) 2
2
2 1  10  ( x + 2) x x
2
− + ln  ln +c ln +c + 2 x + ln( 2 x − 1) + c
;  7  d)
x +1 x +1
b) 2x + 1 x −1 e) f) 2

3. Integration by substitution

i) students are expected to integrate expressions involving only

linear substitution at sight, but any other substitution that may
be required will be given.
1 ∞
1
∫x ∫e
− 2 −x

ii) evaluate definite integrals including 0 dx and 0 dx

Integrate the following functions using the given substitutions

x
e
a) ∫ (3x - 5)10 dx u = 3x − 5 b) ∫ x dx u = x
1
c) ∫ d) ∫ sin 2x cos 2x dx
u = x +1 3
x + 1 dx sin 2x = u
3
1
∫9+ x
e) ∫ x 2x − 1 dx
2
2x − 1 = u 2 f) 0 dx; x = 3 tanθ

x
∫ (2 x + 3) 3

g) dx u = 2x + 3
h) ∫ x x − 2 dx , using the substitution x = u + 2
2

3
 2
∫ x sin x dx
2
i) Find by using the substitution u = x + 2

1 1
sin 2 x + c
j) Show that ∫ sin 2 x dx
= 2x − 4 , where c is an arbitrary
constant.

By means of the substitution 2u = cos x, find the exact value

of
1
2

∫ 1 − 4u 2
du 0

By means of the substitution 2u = cos x, show that

1
1 π
2
2 1
2 2
∫ sin
2
∫ 4u 1 − 4u du 2 xdx
0 = 8 0

1
2
2
∫ 4u 1 − 4u2 du
and hence find the exact value of 0 .

k) Show by means of the substitution x = tan θ,

1
π
1 4
1 2 θ dθ
∫ (x 2
+ 1) 2
dx ∫ cos
0 = 0 .
1
1
∫ (x 2
+ 1) 2
dx
Hence find the exact value of 0 .

l) Use the substitution u = ex to show that

1
ex − 1 e
u−1
∫ dx
ex + 1 = ∫ u(u + 1) du
0 1 .

Hence by using partial fractions, find the exact value of

1
ex − 1
∫0 e x + 1 dx

Answers:
11
( 3 x − 5)
+c x
x + 1) − ln( x + 1)} + c
(a) 33 (b) 2e +c (c) 2 {(

4
 1 3
( 2 x − 1) 2 (3 x + 1) + c π
(d)
1
8 sin 2 x + c (e) 15
4
(f) 18
1 3 2 5 4 3
− +
2
+c ( x − 2) 2 + ( x − 2) 2 + c
4 ( 2 x + 3) 8 ( 2 x + 3)
(g) (h) 5 3

π π 1
2
− 1 cos x + c (2 + π )
(i) 2 (j) 8 ; 32 (k) 8
 e + 1
2 ln   − 1 or 0.240
(l)  2 

4. Integration by parts

General formula :
uv - ∫ v du

a) ∫ b) ∫ c) ∫
x 2
x sin x xe x sec x
dx dx dx

d) ∫ e) ∫ f) ∫
x cos x ln x x ln x
dx dx dx

1 4x ∫ ln (x + 2) dx
∫x h) ∫
2
ln x dx xe dx
g) i)
e
2
∫ (2x + 3) ln x dx ∫ ( ln x ) dx
j) k) 1
2
2x 1
∫ xe dx = ( 3e 4 + 1 )
4
l) Show that the exact value of 0
1
π
2
2 1
∫ x sin x dx = (π 2 + 4)
16
m) Show that 0
1
π
4
∫ x sinx dx,
n) Evaluate 0 giving 2 significant figures in your
result.
3
2 26
∫x ln x dx = 9 ln3 −
9
o) Show that 1
1
− 2x
∫ xe dx,
p) Evaluate the integral 0 leaving your answer
in terms of e.

Answers:

5
 (a) − x cos x + sin x + c (b) xe − e + c (c) x tan x + ln | cos x | + c
x x

2
x x2
ln x − +c
(d) x sin x + cos x + c (e) x ln x − x + c (f) 2 4
2 32  2 1 4x 1 4x
x ln x − +c xe − e + c

 

(g) 3 3
(h) 4 16
2 1 2
(x + 3x) ln x − x − 3x + c
(i) (x + 2) ln (x + 2) − x + c (j) 2 (k) e - 2
1 3 −2
− e
(n) 0.15 (1746) (p) 4 4

5. Integration of Trigonometrical functions (such as double angle

formulae)

11
∫ cos 2 x dx
=
∫(2 2
+
cos 2x) dx

1 1
∫ sin x dx
2
=
∫ ( 2 − 2 cos 2x) dx
2 2
∫ ( tan x + 1 ) dx = ∫ sec x dx

sin n + 1 x
n + k
∫ cos x sin x dx
= n+1
− cos n + 1 x
n + k
∫ sin x cos x dx
= n+1

2
a) ∫ cos x dx
2
b) ∫ sin x dx
4
c) ∫ cos x dx
4
d) ∫ sin x dx
5
e) ∫ cos x dx
∫ sin x dx
5

f)
∫ tan x dx
3

g)

h) ∫ sin 3 2x cos 2x dx ; sin 2x = u

1
8 sin 2 x + c
4

6
7