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Fiber Optic Communication

Module Id : TGENFOC110

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Topics Covered
Introduction to Optical Fibre Classification of Optical Fibre Application of Fibre Optic Cable Transmission Systems

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Introduction

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Advantages of OF Media Low Losses in path Very high information carrying capacity Very less Transmit power required No electromagnetic interference Light weight Easy fault localization

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Introduction

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A Basic Optical fiber consists of two concentric layers. Inner layer called core has a refractive index slight higher than the outer layer called cladding. Light injected into the core. This light strikes the core-cladding surface at an angle greater than the critical angle and gets reflected back into the core
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Introduction

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An Optical Fibre System uses light waves as carrier of the information signals. Transmitted through an Optical Fibre using the principle of Total Internal reflection. Main portion of an optical transmitter is light source ( LED or LASER diode.) This changes electrical signals to optical signals. Receiver contains a photo diode which converts light back into electrical signals. Detected signal is then amplified and shaped appropriately.
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Transmission in Optical Fiber

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Transmission sequences given below: Information is encoded into electrical signals. Electrical signals are converted into light signals. Light travels down the fiber. A detector changes the light signals into electrical signals. Electrical signals are decoded into information.
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Fiber Construction

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1. Core: 8m diameter for SMF & 50 m dia for MMF 2. Cladding: 125m dia. 3. Buffer: 250m dia. 4. Jacket: 400 m dia

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Fiber Construction
Secondary coating Primary coating Clad Core

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9 m 125 m
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Fiber Construction

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Optical Fiber Thin strands of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light. Core The centre of the fiber where the light is transmitted Cladding The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the light in the core and guides it along - even through curves Buffer coating or primary coating A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber
that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.
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Optical Fibre Classification

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Based on material 1. Glass Fibres [glass core & glass cladding] 2. Plastic-clad Silica Fibres [glass core & plastic cladding] 3. Plastic Fibres [plastic core & plastic fibres] Based on size 1. Multi-mode fibres 2. Single-mode fibres Based on refractive index 1. Step-Index Fiber 2. Graded-index Fiber
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Modes

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Single Mode

Multi-mode Mode
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Types of Fiber
Single-mode l fiber (SMF) designed to carry only a single ray of light (mode) Use for long distance communication e.g. 50km Multimode fiber (MMF) has higher "light-gathering" capacity than SMF, carry many rays of light Use for Short distance communication e.g. 200 mtrs

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Patch Cords & Pigtails

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Patch Cords

It has connectors on both end Size 5,10,20 mtrs PigTails It has connectors on one end Size 5,10,20 mtrs

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O F C Joint & Termination Box

Joint Box

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Require at every 2Km as cable drum length is limited to 2Km Should be air tight & waterproof with high tensile strength The splice joint of fiber is placed inside Different type of joint boxes are used e.g Straight Joint , T-joint etc.

Termination Box
Require at both the end of fibre cable for terminating to FDF in PCM Room One side Fiber Cable & other side Pigtails are terminated
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Splice
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Permanent connection between two fibres Involves cutting of the edges of the two fibres to be spliced Alignment of the cores of the fibres to be connected is important to reduce splice loss Splicing Methods Single Fiber Mechanical splicing Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing Temp. Mechanical splicing Fusion Splicing
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Optical Testers

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Variable Attenuator

Power Meter Power Meter For Testing the output power of the Optical system or Light source

Light Source

Variable Attenuator For artificially introducing The losses in fiber for Testing

Light Source For Testing the fiber losses & Fiber cuts

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Applications of Fibre Optics in Communications Common carrier nationwide networks. Telephone interoffice trunk lines. Customer premise communication networks. Undersea cables. High EMI areas (Power lines, Rails, Roads). Factory communication/Automation. Control systems. Expensive environments. High lightning areas. Military applications. Classified (secure) communication

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Elements of Fiber Optic System

Optical Transmitter (E-O) Optical Receiver (O-E) Fiber Optics Optical Amplifier (O-O) Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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What is PDH?

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The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronised

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PDH

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There are three different standards of PDH European American Japanese These versions of the PDH system differ slightly in the some technical details, but the principles are the same

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Limitation of PDH

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Existing PDH is point to point system O F capacity is under utilized Difficulty in centralized supervision Restoration of fault is time consuming Manpower requirement is more

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What is SDH?

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Synchronous: One master clock and all elements synchronized with it Digital: Information in binary Hierarchy: Set of bit rates in hierarchical order SDH is an ITU-T standard for high capacity telecom network SDH is a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a simple, economical and flexible telecom infrastructure
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When do we use SDH ?

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When networks need to increase capacity , SDH simply acts as a means of increasing transmission capacity When networks need to improve flexibility , to provide services quickly or to respond to new change more rapidly when networks need to improve survivability for important user services when networks need to reduce operation costs , which are becoming a heavy burden
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SDH bit rates

155.520 Mb/s 622.080 Mb/s 2488.32 Mb/s 9953.28 Mb/s

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STM-1 ---------------STM-4 ---------------STM-16 -------------STM-64 --------------

Apart from the above, There is STM-0 is of 51.84 Mb/s

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SDH Advantages

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Up gradation of system is easy Existing PDH can work on SDH Network Simplification- A single synchronous multiplexer can perform the multiplexing function Future Proof Networking SDH is able to handle video on demand and all other new systems like ATM, Ethernet, FICON, ESCON, DVB, etc.
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SDH Network Elements

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Terminal multiplexer Add Drop Multiplexer Regenerator Digital cross connect (DXC)

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SDH Network Elements

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Terminal multiplexer The terminal multiplexer is used to multiplex local tributaries (low rate) to the STM-N (high rate) aggregate. The terminal is used in the chain topology as an end element
E1-E4 TM

STM-N

STM-M
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SDH Network Elements

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Add Drop Multiplexer

The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) stm-N through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop or add any (low rate) tributary The ADM used in all topologies
STM-N TM STM-N

STM-M

E1-E4
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SDH Network Elements

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Regenerator It mainly performs 3R function: 1R Re amplification 2R Retiming 3R Reshaping

STM-N REG STM-N

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SDH Network Elements

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Digital Cross-Connect (DXC) Form lowest level to highest level semi-permanent interconnections between different channels and routing of them are performed
STM-16 STM-4 STM-1 140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 2 Mb/s STM-16 STM-4 STM-1 140 Mb/s Cross - connect 34 Mb/s 2 Mb/s 30

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SDH Network Topology

Point to Point

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PDH TM STM-M STM-N TM

PDH

STM-M

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SDH Network Topology

Point to Multipoint or Bus

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PDH TM

PDH
STM-N STM-N

ADM

TM STMM

STM-M

PDH

STM-M
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Application of SDH

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SDH Systems are used as a core network of service provider It is also use for access network It carries most of the Existing PDH Bit rates, ATM etc New Generation SDH can carry Ethernet , Fast ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, etc.

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DWDM System Components

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