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Notes For Biology Chapter 9
Notes For Biology Chapter 9
1. Interphase
• G1 Phase – carries out basic functions
• duration variable
• cell “decides” to
o divide
o enter a quiescent phase
o die
• G0 Phase – the cell maintains specialized characteristics, but doesn’t divide
• S Phase – cells replicate chromosomes and synthesize proteins
• G2 Phase – cell synthesizes additional properties and assembles / stores
membrane material
2. Karyokinesis (mitosis)
Equal distribution of replicated chromosomes
• Prophase
- replicated chromosomes condense
- mitotic spindle forms
- nucleolis disappears
• Prometophase
o Nuclear membrane breaks down
o Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes
• Metaphase
o Chromosomes are lined up single file along equator of mitotic spindle
• Anaphase
o Centromeres part, sister chromotids (now called chromosomes)
separate
o Chromosomes move toward opposite poles
• Telophase
o Mitotic spindle breaks down
o Chromosomes decondense
o Nuclear membranes reform around two nuclei
o Nucleoli reappear
3. Cytokinesis
Distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells
Contact Inhibition – healthy cells stop dividing when they come in contact with
other cells
B. Apoptosis
Programmed cell death; part of normal development
Steps of Apoptosis:
Causes of Apoptosis:
- Infection
- Damage
- Development