Literature survey

By Mohamed El-Adawi, Mona Mahmoud Haragi and Hesham Abd el Moneim Keshk in Automatic license plate recognition deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) is one of the techniques that can be used for the recognition of vehicles. It gives the way to distinguish the registration plate from an image of vehicle. The algorithm recognizes the Arabic (Hindi) digits and words within the plate area. The algorithm futile only in images that include abnormalities such as fixing screws, or a major slant in the plate. The system was able to identify license plate with a good precision. The source of fault is due to mainly the fixation screws of the plate, or due to a major slant in the plate axis. By Sorin Draghici in A neural network based artificial vision system for license plate recognition deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as a neural network based synthetic vision system able to examine the image of a car given by a camera, locate the registration plate and recognize the registration number of the car. A variety of practical problems come across in implementing this particular application and the solutions used to crack them. The system is designed using a modular approach which allows easy improvement and substituting of various sub-modules thus making it potentially suitable in a large range of vision applications. There are many situations in which a system able to distinguish registration plate numbers can be useful. The performance of the system makes it a legal choice among its opponent especially in those situations when the cost of the application has to be maintained at reasonable levels. By Serkan Ozbay, and Ergun Ercelebi in Automatic Vehicle Identification by Plate Recognition deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as an Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) system has many applications in traffic systems (highway electronic toll collection, red light violation enforcement, border and parking lots etc.). License Plate Recognition is a valuable form of AVI systems. The algorithm consists of three major parts: Extraction of license plate region, segmentation of characters and recognition of license plate characters. For extracting the license plate region, edge exposure algorithms and smearing algorithms are used. In segmentation branch, smearing algorithms, filtering and some morphological algorithms are used. The performance of the algorithm has been tested on real images. The algorithm shows advanced performance in car license plate recognition. In application software designed for the identification of car license plate. Firstly we extracted the license plate location and then we separated the license plate characters individually by segmentation process and finally applied for template matching with the use of correlation for recognition of plate characters. This system is designed for the identification and detection of Turkish license plates and the system is tested over a large number of images. This gives improved process for extraction of plate region, for the segmentation of the characters and for the recognition unit accurate, giving the overall system performance recognition rates.

By Shishir Kumar, Shashank Agarwal and Kumar Saurabh in License Plate Recognition System for Indian Vehicle deal in the field at the license plate recognition system as from field of image processing and machine vision in construction of a Automatic license plate recognition system for Indian vehicles term as (ALPRSIV). It involves problem includes mathematical principles and algorithms, which make sure a process plate normalization, process of suitable character segmentation, normalization and recognition. It all these process deals with methods achieving invariance of systems towards image skew homographs and a variety of plate condition. These all contains few snapshots as example which would help in tolerant the system and its function. The images were taken from various sources like internet, scanned images etc. At a process real images were taken with the help of digital camera, inside and outside the campus. Although the system works accurately in most of the cases but if the mage is too blurred or the contrast of image is vey bad, then it may not work properly. As it has taken an assumption that the input license plate is already localized. In the case of skew correction the four boundary points of the picture to be deskewed have to be manually. Fining the boundary points is not yet deal. If the number plate contains unnecessary designs or the font of the number plate alters regularly, it creates a problem. The vehicles that do not follow the standard rules of Indian Number plates pose a problem to the system. There are numerous number plates in the vehicle whose condition is so bad that even a human eye cannot recognize it. In those cases the system is obviously unable to obtain the expected results. There are many areas on which it do not worked yet, due to the time limitations. The segmentation of characters that are connected to each other and the characters which are too close to each other poses a trouble to the system. Its rectification can take as a part of future enhancement. The character recognition process can also do by PNN (Probabilistic Neural Network). It can also be taken as a possibility of the enhancement for the project. By Hsien-Chu Wu, Chewei-Shyong TSAI, and Ching-Hao LAI in A License Plate Recognition System e-government deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as License plate recognition system is an element in many application such as traffic control and parking lots access control. License plate recognition involves three main components: plate detection, character segmentation and character recognition. All three components apply in eGovernment in order to performance. License plate recognition system can help government in traffic control, in get hold of car thieves and in managing no-man parking lots automatically. Therefore, in order to develop a well-organized e-Government, the license plate recognition system is useful. In order to apply license plate recognition system in e-Government, all the process (license plate detection, character segmentation and character recognition) has to be quicker and more accurate real-time system. License plate recognition system use in eGovernment environment. By C.N. Anagnostopoulos, I. Anagnostopoulos, V. Loumos, and E. Kayafas in A license plate recognition algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System applications deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as uses an algorithm novel adaptive image segmentation

technique (Sliding Concentric Windows-SCW) and connected component analysis in conjunction with a character recognition Neural Network. The algorithm was tested with particular natural scene gray level vehicle images of different backgrounds and ambient illumination. The camera focused in the plate, while the angle of sight and the distance from the vehicle varied according to the situation as it need. The character recognition process is done by PNN (Probabilistic Neural Network). The OCR system is a two layer Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) with topology, whose performance for entire plate recognition reached has been improved easily. The operation of an automated vehicle license plates recognition system was analyzed in terms of software and hardware aspects comfortably. Its operation is categorized in two image processing phases: the phase of license plate segmentation and the phase of license plate processing and character recognition. License plate recognition system, as a means of vehicle identification, may be further broken in various ways, such as vehicle model identification as well as under vehicle surveillance. For the vehicle model identification task, the license plate position could play an vital role in segmenting a distinctive reference area of the vehicles frontal sight. It currently undertakes a research for extracting key points from the vehicle mask on the basis of license plate position and creating a digital signature for every vehicle model. Moreover, for under vehicle assessment, it is assumed that a template undervehicle image for each inspected vehicle has been archived into a database in advance. Based on the incoming vehicle license plate, the respective template image is recovered from the database and then evaluate to the one acquired during real-time under-vehicle inspection. By Ch.Jaya Lakshmi, Dr.A.Jhansi Rani, Dr.K.Sri Ramakrishna and M.KantiKiran in A Novel Approach for Indian License Plate Recognition System deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as license Plate Recognition System (LPRS) is one of the most vital part of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It has been broadly applied in the Intellectual traffic system and Public transit security system. The main goal is to design a well organized automatic authorized vehicle identification system by using the vehicle number plate. Sight of the license plate is performed using its natural texture characteristics and wavelets. Character segmentation is done by using Connected Component Analysis. Character Recognition of the vehicle license plate based on template matching. This system is implemented using MATLAB. It is all applicable to Indian vehicle license plates. The ultimate objective is to obtain vehicle information from License Plate Recognition System (LPRS), the recognition and extraction of the license plate is the key of parts in the vehicle monitoring processing. The LPRS proposes and designs the algorithm of the image processing and segmentation, based on the analysis of the variety of character recognition system. Through practice and improvements, the effect of the improvement is obvious and the character recognition rate increased considerably. By Nureddin A. Abulgasem, Dzulkili Mohamad, Sitit Zaiton Mohamad Hashim in Automatic License Plate Detection and Recognition Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as Automatic vehicle license plate detection and recognition is a important technique in most of traffic related application and is extremely

popular and active research topic in the research domain. Many methods, techniques and algorithms have been developed for Automatic License Plate Detection and Recognition. Due to various characteristics of the license plate from country to country like numbering system, colors, language of characters, fonts style and sizes of license plate and font. The use of Neural Network has proved itself valuable for license plate recognition system, but it has not been applied for license plate detection. Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network used for both for the plate detection and recognition of the Libyans license plate. This technique applied on hundreds of images of national license plate of Libya. This technique can be used with other country license plate recognition and detection. Each country has its own license plate numbering system, colors, language of character, style and sizes. Each number plate in the same country differs from state to state due to various reasons. But still so many which have not yet used the concept of automatic license plate detection and recognition. Many language like English, Chinese, French car plate detection and recognition is carried in many places. However, desirable work for Libyan automatic license plate detection and recognition do not necessary attention in the literature. It is mainly due to the cause of various styles of Libyan license plates. Complex fonts of Libyan license plate can be detected and recognized easily which is in Arabic and English. Libyan vehicle plate identification presents a great issue due to its unique nature. Many pre-processing step are applied to the images under the detection and recognition. These steps are included grey scale conversion, image dilation, filtering and smoothing. Many other detection also used in it like edge detection because it is simple and fast, while morphological methods were used to reduce the sensitivity and remove the unwanted edges after edge detection. The license plate detection process started on the pre-processed images. The detected objects were divided into Plate area and not plate area Categories manually during the training of the RBF NN. The RBF NN is used for the automatic detecting the license plates in other images during the testing phase. The process of the extraction started first in recognition in the detected license plate extracted. In the segmentation process all the written characters were separated, than once again RBF NN was used to train with these segmented characters of the license plate. By this trained RBF NN was used to recognize the characters from other images. The filtering process can leads to erroneous License plate detection. By Bo Li, Zhi-yuan Zeng, Jian-zhong Zhou, Hua-li Dong in An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as a variety of license plates (LP), the vertical edge was first detected by Sobel edge detector. In order to remove the invalid edge regarding the characteristics of edge grayscale Jump and edge density, so that the regions having features of License Plate was potted subsequent to it by horizontal and vertical Projections and mathematical morphology (MM) operation the License Plate region was searched. After it by color-reversing judgment was conducted by color analysis, and binarization was completed based on core region in License plate. Subsequently, characters were segmented by resources of prior knowledge and connected components analysis, and the character recognition was conducted based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network. With copious samples verified in dark hours and daytime under real

conditions, the process indicates that it is feasible to adopt this algorithm in automatic license plate recognition system (ALPRS) to achieve accuracy. Various methodology are presented for LPRS which involves invalid edge removal, LP searching based on projection and MM, binarization based on core region, exact character size judgment, RBF network, etc, are wellorganized. By A. Akoum, B.Daya, P.Chauvet in Two Neural Network for License Number Plates Recognition deals in the field at the license plate recognition system as it is able to identify a license plate extracted from an images device. Such a system in helpful in many fields and places: parking places, private and public entrance, airport entrance, border control, theft and vandalism control. It separated each digit from the license plate using image processing tools. Afterwards it built a classifier, using a training set base on digits extracted from hundreds of license plates. Formerly a vehicle license plate is detected, its digits are renowned, displayed on the user interface or checked against a database. The spotlight is on the design of algorithm used for extracting the license plate from a picture of the vehicle, isolating the characters of the plate and identifying characters.