Works Cited The Automobile Age. The Wilson Quarterly. Vol. 10. Wilson Quarterly, 1986. 64-79. 5. JSTOR.

Web. 6 Feb. 2012. This article provided information about the rise of the automobile in America. Along with the information it provided, this source was also useful because of the numerous images provided. Bennet, Evan P. Highway to Heaven or Roads to Ruin? The Interstate Highway System and the Fate of Starke, Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly. Vol. 78. Florida Historical Society, 2000. 451-467. 4. JSTOR. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This report documents the detrimental effects that the interstate had a the small town of Starke, Florida. This town, which, before the installation of the highway system, was a previously bustling town, which was economically dependent on travelers who would drive through the town. Consequently, the town suffered immensely when the interstate caused them to go around the town. Cantwell, Thomas J. Anacostia: Strength in Adversity. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Vol. 49. Historical Society of Washington D.C, 1973/1974. 330-370. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2012. This article explained how, despite the installation of the beltway, citizens in Anacostia (defined as the area south of Pennsylvania Avenue and east of the Anacostia River), are trapped. This is because ones use of the interstate is dependent on the ownership of an automobile, and at this time, 62 percent of citizens did not own a vehicle. Moreover, public transportation brought limited hope, as the metro was only planned to bring one line south of Pennsylvania Avenue. The Changing Face of America. Celebrating the Eisenhower Interstate System. U.S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2012.

<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/history.htm>. This page contained an effective graphic, tracking the growth of the interstate from 1950-2000. Detroit Riots. N.d. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Michigan Historical Museum , n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This picture was taken during the Detroit Riots in 1967 and 1968. It depicts the chaos that consumed the city, especially the areas surrounding 12th street and Clairmount Avenue. Dewar, Helen. Future Looks Vast for Tysons Corner. The Washington Post 30 Nov. 1963: B3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. This newspaper article provided an insight into Northern Virginia during the 1960s, and specifically Tysons Corner. Then, It was a small rural area, and the article explains the plans for it to become one of Northern Virginias most spectacular job and population centers, largely in part to its increased accessibility due to the insertion of the capital beltway. Eckardt, Wolf Von. The Beautiful Beltway Heralds Urban Mess. The Washington Post 25 Oct. 1064: G10. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This newspaper article discusses urban sprawl in the Washington Metropolitan area and its detrimental effects. According to the writer, the Beltway region is over-developed, harming the surrounding environment. The article also warns of the beltway becoming a choking collar of uncontrolled suburbanization. Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System. National Atlas. The National Atlas of the United States, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2012. <http://nationalatlas.gov/ articles/transportation/a_highway.html#top>. This source was particularly useful in gathering information about the order of events leading up to the passing of the FederalAid Highway Act. Specifically, the article mentions F.D Roosevelts roll in the interstates

installation, as well as the actions of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Ford Motor Company, prod. Harvest of the Years. National Archives and Records Administration, 1939. Film. This film outlined the Ford Motor Companys manufacturing process up to and including 1939. This source was particularly useful because it outlined Fords roll, as a mass producer of automobiles, in the growth of roads and automobiles in American industry and society. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Affluent Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print. This book, while not directly related to the Interstate Highway System, was useful to my project because it provided me with knowledge about the economic system in America, according to Galbraith. The book discusses, among other things, how Americas private sector is becoming increasingly wealthy, while the public sector remained poor, citing specifics such as inadequate infrastructure. Ganzel, Bill. Revolution in Transportation. Farming in the 1940s. Wessels Living History Farm, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. This website provided an insight into the transportation revolution in the 1940s, where the U.S was transitioning from railroad based transportation, to a greater focus on the automobile. With this, the website explains, came an increased need for a more sufficient road system. Handy (Jam) Organization. Give Yourself the Green Light. General Motors Corporation. Internet Archive. N.p., 1954. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. This documentary provided arguments supporting the expansion of the nations highway system. It was useful to my project because it provided insight into the role companies like GM played in the expansion of the Interstate. Herbers, John. How Washington Grew and Grew. New York Times 2 June 1983: B10.

ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. This article discusses the growth of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The massive expansion of the area, according to the article, can be attributed to its above average wealth, allowing for increased sprawl. The article also presents a useful graphic, which illustrates what was considered the metropolitan area in 1983. Highway Aid Bill Approved by House Unit. The Washington Post 31 Mar. 1950: 9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This newspaper article discusses a U.S House of Representatives decision to provide 570 million dollars in funds the United States highway system. A precursor to the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, this act provided funds to initiate the construction of the Interstate System. Kluess, Joy R. A Quiet VIllage Becomes a Suburb. The New York Times 24 Feb. 1980: CN16. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This article discusses the authors own experience in her town. When she moved to the town, Ridgefield, in 1967, she described it was more of a village. However, within years, her town expanded, and traffic flowed heavily in front of her home. While the article does not directly mention the Interstate, it focuses on the roll of the automobile in the expansion of the town. Knox, Paul L. The Restless Urban Landscape: Economic and Sociocultural Change and the Transformation of Metropolitan Washington, DC. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. 81. Taylor & Francis, Ltd, 1991. 181-209. 2. JSTOR. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. This article provided details regarding the economic development of the Washington D.C. However, this source was particularly useful for its images, many of which were primary documents that documented the early developments of areas, such as Tysons Corner.

Korr, Jeremy. Political Parameters: Finding a Route for the Capital Beltway, 1950-1964. Washington History. Vol. 19. Historical Society of Washington D.C, 2008. 4-29. JSTOR. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. This article was instrumental in my research of the construction of the capital beltway. It discusses the planning that went into I-495s construction, and it also provided primary documents such as pictures of segments being constructed, as well as preliminary maps. Kottke, Frederick Edward. An Economic Analysis of Financing the Interstate Highway System. The Journal of Finance. Vol. 17. Blackwell Publishing, 1962. 143-144. JSTOR. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. This article discusses the financial issues facing the Interstate system in 1962. The original plan of using pay-as-you-go financing is not an effective plan, because prices rose too quickly and construction was slower than expected. This source was useful because it provided me with a list of problems that faced lawmakers regarding the Interstates construction. Kozel, Scott M. Capital Beltway History. Capital Beltway. N.p., 20 Nov. 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.capital-beltway.com/Capital-Beltway-History.html>. This website provided a great overall background on the construction of the capital beltway. The site is extremely thorough, going as far as describing route numbers, as well as pavement types used. Leichenko, Robin M. Growth and Change in U.S Suburbs and Cities. Department of Geography, Hunter College - CUNY. College of the City University of New York, May 1999. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This research paper discussed the growth of metropolitan areas between 1970 and 1990. According to the authors studies, which were illustrated verbally as well as through charts, metropolitan areas grew during this period, but the bulk of growth

occurred in suburban areas rather than the cities themselves, largely because of innovations in transportation technology. Lewis, Tom. DIvided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways. New York: Penguin Books, 1999. Print. This book gave a comprehensive analysis of the effects the Interstate had on society. The information from this book will be particularly useful in the reaction section of my project, because it provided details regarding the Interstates economic and societal effect. National Archives and Records Association. Online Documents. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Presidential Libraries System, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2012. <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents.html>. This website provided links to speeches, diaries, pictures and other primary documents written by or otherwise related to Dwight D. Eisenhower. The site contained transcripts of reports to congress specifically regarding the Interstate, as well as pictures and logs from the 1919 motor convoy. National Highway System of 37,681 Miles Approved. The New York Times 3 Aug. 1947: 1,45. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This article documents an early House action to build a national system of highways. While full-fledged construction did not begin until 1956, funding first became available through this bill. Poll on Toll Roads: Well, Maybe. The Christian Science Monitor 24 Aug. 1949: 9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. This article discusses possible tolls on newly constructed, or in-progress roads. This source is particularly useful to my project because of a map of the Northeast U.S, which contains road plans for the next decade. Rabin, Yale. Highways as a Barrier to Equal Success. Annals of the American Academy of

Political and Social Science. Vol. 407. Sage Publications, Inc., 1973. 63-77. Blacks and the Law. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. This article discussed, among other things, the role of the interstate in the widening economic gap between blacks in the city and whites in the suburbs. This article was useful for the reaction section of my research, because it provided information about white-flight and the struggles that came to those who remained in the cities. Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, Dr. The Interstate Highway System. The Geography of Transport System. Hofstra University, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. This source, from Hofstra University, discusses the negative effects of the Interstate System. This source was particularly useful for my research regarding the reaction segment of my project, as it provided information about suburbanization and Americas transition to an automobile-dependent society. Scheiner, James I. The Effect of the Interstate of Short-Haul Air Passenger Demand. Transportation Science. Vol. 1. Informs, 1967. 286-294. JSTOR. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. This report quantitatively analyzes the effect of the interstate on short-haul, 200 miles or less, air travel between cities. Ultimately, the article explains, the highway system discourages passengers from using airplanes for shorter travel, as driving was cheaper, and, arguably, more convenient. Seely, Bruce E. Engineers and Government-Business Cooperation: Highway Standards and the Bureau of Public Roads, 1900-1940. The Business History Review. Vol. 58. The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 1984. 51-77. 1. JSTOR. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. This article documented the activity of the Bureau of Public Roads from 1900-1940. This article was particularly useful because it offered numerous photographs of pre-interstate

roads. Smerk, George M. The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964: New Hope for American Cities. Transportation Journal. Vol. 5. Penn State University Press, 1965. 35-40. 2. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. This article discussed the federal governments efforts to aid American Cities that were struggling during the 1960s. This article was particularly useful because it provided insight into the how the government itself reacted to the Interstate and its detrimental effect on cities. As cities struggled with access to jobs in the suburbs, the federal government worked to assist these cities with funding for public transportation. United Press. Bureau Urges Expansion of U.S Highways. The Washington Post 6 Nov. 1949: M12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This article documents the desire, among many transportation officials, for a much improved interstate highway system. The specific reasons cited were the increasing number of vehicles up from 30 million to 43 million since 1930, as well as the need to decrease the loss of life on the inadequate road systems of the time. United States. Cong. House. Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964. 88th Cong., 2nd sess. HR. Washington: n.p., 1964. National Archives. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This source provided the images of the first and last pages of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964. - - -. - - -. National Interstate and Defense Highway Act. Washington: n.p., 1956. Our Documents. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. This source provided a transcript for the first page of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The transcript gave information regarding the predicted expenses regarding the construction of the interstate, along with the timeline for these expenditures.

United States Senate. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. Senate Report on Urban Mass Transportation. Washington D.C: United States Government, 1962. Annals of American History Online. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. This report addresses the problem of poor transportation facilities throughout U.S cities. As a primary source, this document was particularly useful because it gave information regarding the interstate and its role in cities, as well as the role of public transportation. Universal-International. Highway Hearing (Part 1). The DOW Chemical Company, 1956. Internet Archive. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. This film was used in 1956 to help garner support for the construction of the Interstate. It was useful to my project because it provided details about the ways companies tried to convince the public that the Interstate was a good investment. Further, the video provided insight into construction methods used. U.S Warned of Inadequate Roads and Bridges for Defense. The Christian Science Monitor 9 Feb. 1953: 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. This newspaper article, written before the passage of the Federal Aid HIghway Act, explains the militarys need for improved road systems and bridges in order to sufficiently accommodate military vehicles, and weapons such as atomic cannon. This article is particularly interesting because the militarys need for a system like the interstate is introduced here. Warner, Mark R. Emergency Readiness in Washington D.C. U.S House of Representatives. 10 Apr. 2003. eLibrary. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. This Congressional Testimony, given by Virginia Representative Mark Warner, explained emergency planning in the area surrounding Washington D.C. This source was relevant to my topic because it explained the role of the Beltway in accordance with emergency planning.

Why President Dwight D. Eisenhower Understood We Needed the Interstate System. Federal Highway Administration . U.S Department of Transportation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/brainiacs/eisenhowerinterstate.htm>. This site was particularly useful because it confirmed facts that I found on other sites. Furthermore, the site gave specific information about Dwight D. Eisenhower and his views on the Interstate, along with direct quotes. Winter, Drew. The mass production revolution: forget the machine: the line changed the world.(revolutionary consequences of Henry Fords assembly line). Wards Auto World. 1996. eLibrary. Web. 14 May 2012. This source outlined the role of Henry Ford and the assembly line in the growth of the automobile industry. While Ford did not introduce interchangeable parts, this article credits Ford with using interchangeable parts to increase productivity and decrease cost. This reduction of cost allowed cars to be purchased at more affordable rates and increased their popularity to an extent that they became the preferred method of transportation in the United States. Woolf, Aaron, dir. Beyond the Motor City. Blueprint America. PBS. 8 Feb. 2010. PBS Video. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. <http://video.pbs.org/video/1409024983#>. This documentary provided a strong insight into the effect of innovation in travel in the city of Detroit. As freeways in the area were expanded, along with the interstate itself, many citizens moved out of the city and into the suburbs, causing an increase and poverty and unemployment in the city.