The Glorious Revolution: The Bloodless Fall of Kings and the Glorious Rise of Democracy

Daniel West Jr. Division Individual Website

I have always been interested in pirates. So for history day this year I tried to find a topic that was a revolution that involved seventeenth and eighteenth century pirates. I researched revolutions in piracy but I could not find one, so I decided to find a revolution that had sea warfare in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. One of the revolutions I found was the Glorious revolution. I read an introduction to it and discovered that the Dutch invaded England during this revolution, and I know that the only way to get from Holland to England was by sea, so I settled on the Glorious Revolution. I was disappointed to find out later that no opposing fleets met in this Revolution. I conducted my research by going online and reading the Wikipedia article to get me started. Then I looked online to find books on the Glorious Revolution that are at the UNM library. I got their names, so I went to the UNM library and checked them out. In the back of one of the books there are six primary documents. I picked individual website as my category because I did an individual website last year and I got ninth place in nationals. Doing a website also gives me the chance to do a special school project in a modern way. My topic fits into the this year's NHD theme in many ways. The Glorious revolution was a government, religious, and foreign policy revolution for England. When King Charles II of England died, his Roman Catholic brother, James II, took his place. The idea of a Roman Catholic king was not appealing to most Englishmen, since they were mostly Anglicans. James' policy of religious tolerance was also not a popular idea. Meanwhile in Holland, Prince William of Orange who was married to Princess Mary, James' daughter, was trying to make an alliance with England. He needed an ally against France, but since James was Catholic and the Dutch were Protestant, diplomatic alliances had little chance of developing. He decided to intervene in England. After preparing for almost three years, William launched the invasion. Since most Englishmen disliked James and sympathized for William's cause, many people deserted James. Once it was obvious that he was hopeless, James fled to France, resulting in a bloodless, and therefore glorious revolution. The revolution reformed the

government of England, as William overthrew the absolute monarchy and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy. It also resulted in religious reforms as he transformed England into a Protestant state. He also reformed England's foreign policy by bringing England into the war against France. The disliked policies of James II and his lack of heroism in the face of danger basically sealed his fate and reformed England forever.

Primary Sources Locke, John. John Locke's Vindication for the Glorious Revolution : The Social Contract. 1689. This source was written by John Locke, a man who lived through the Glorious Revolution. He wrote about the social contract, a contract made by William that talks about how a regular man is equal to a king, and that the new Commonwealth would not be an absolute monarchy but a democracy where people of society could vote on leaders to make laws. He states that a man is his own judge, and if someone does something to him or his property, he has the right to do to that person as what he sees just. However he also says that if you become a part of society you must lose that right and give that right to the government. Yous must also accept the laws passed by the government. On the other hand, he also speaks of how the government has to make laws that the public sees fit. He mentions the unfairness of an absolute monarchy. This source helped me see the difference for people's life in England after the revolution.

Shrewsbury, Devonshire et al. The Letter of Invitation from the Immortal Seven. June 30, 1688 This is the letter from the immortal seven to Prince William of Orange to come intervene in England. This document influenced the decision William took to invade England.

Stuart, James II. James II's Declaration for Liberty of Conscience. April 4, 1687. This is James II's declaration basically giving more rights to all Christians in England. This was greatly disliked by Anglicans and encouraged the Monmouth rebellion. He made this declaration because in the past the Roman Catholics and other believers such as the Quakers in England were not allowed to be in positions of power such as parliament and the Navy. This declaration was disliked by most non-Catholics.

Stuart, James II. King James II's Proclamation. September 28, 1688 This proclamation to the people of England was written by James II to rally the people against the enemy, saying that the Dutch wished to conquer and subdue England, which was not actually true. William only wanted to give the crown to Mary so he could rule. James said in this proclamation that Williams intentions of the invasion was not actually to secure Protestantism in England, and this was true even though this was one of the results. James warned the people to be alert against Dutch propaganda, and to be ready to defend the country.

Stuart, William III. The Declaration of Rights. February 13, 1689 This is the Document that was made after the revolution to limit the monarchs power. It influenced the Bill of Rights made by the United States.

Stuart, William III. William of Orange's Declaration. September 30, 1688. This is William of Orange's declaration to the people and nobles of Holland of Williams decision to invade England. It let the public and the world know of his intentions, and it was only after this declaration was published that James II actually thought about preparing a defense of England.

William archbishop of Canterbury et al. The Petition of the Seven Bishops. May 18, 1688 This is the petition signed by the seven Anglican bishops of Canterbury in protest to the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience and to James II's constant attempts to repeal the Test Act. As a result of this petition, the seven bishops were arrested and put on trial. They were found not guilty, much to the celebration of the people.

Secondary Sources A Chronology of the Reign of King James II (1685-1688) and The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) http://www.thegloriousrevolution.org/docs/chronology.htm This gave me an outline of the Monmouth Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, and the time in between.

Ashley, Maurice. The Glorious Revolution of 1688. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. 1966. I got this book at UNM library. It went into detail of the entire story before, during, and after the revolution. It showed the views of many characters and the many ways William 33was influenced to invade England. It Emphasized the cunning of William and the stupidity of James. It also gave background information of Europe at that time and a map of Europe so I could better understand the things that influenced the many characters involved. It also showed the importance of religion back then and how James' unpopular policies affected the English nobles. It showed how many different diplomatic alliances were formed back then. It gave a detailed story of the revolution and was a very helpful source.

Barone, Michael How the Glorious Revolution Changed Foreign Policy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDc1ozhcSUY&feature=related This video was made by Michael Barone, a senior at the American Enterprise Institute and an expert on the Glorious Revolution. This video explains how William intervening in England effected England's foreign policy, specifically to England's foreign policy to France. I used this video in my website.

Barone, Michael. Reasons for the Glorious Revolution. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnDNPEKnOtU&feature=endscreen&NR=1

This video was made by Michael Barone, a senior at the American Enterprise Institute and an expert on the Glorious Revolution. He talks about the reasons that the Glorious Revolution took place, specifically how James II's religion, Catholicism, was disliked and how people resented it. I used this video in my website.

Barone, Michael. Religious Tolerance and the Glorious Revolution. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jl58e2Q23go&feature=related This video was made by Michael Barone, a senior at the American Enterprise Institute and an expert on the Glorious Revolution. This video explains how James II's religious tolerance effected how the people in England looked at him. I used this video in my website.

Chadhuri, K. and Israel, Jonathan. The Glorious Revolution and the East India Companies. London : School of Oriental and African Studies. 1991 This source showed how the Glorious Revolution effected the East India Companies, which were European companies that set up trading posts in the colonies. These companies competed with each other and even fought each other for the right to trade with the natives of Asia, Africa and the Americas. Before the revolution, The Mugal Empire of India which controlled all of India, was in rapid decline and on the verge of collapse because of local rebellions. The Portuguese, who had made many trading posts in India before any other Europeans could, were whittled down to just one prosperous trading post in Goa because of Dutch competition. The Dutch, or the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), gained more trading posts by using force. Although this method made the VOC disliked around the world, it was successful. Soon the Dutch had almost all of the trading rights in India, with the Portuguese, French, British, and Danish all whittled down to a handful of very valuable trading posts. For a long time the British East India Company (EIC) had fought against the Dutch, but were

rather unsuccessful. When news reached India that king James II had fallen and William III was now on the throne, policies of the EIC and the VOC changed drastically. The VOC was no longer allowed to attack the EIC, and the EIC and VOC made an agreement to unite against the French Company, which both England and Holland were at war with. This showed me how the effects of the Revolution reached as far as Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Damerow, Harold Dr. 17th Century : The Seventeenth Century http:faculty.ucc.edu/eghdamerow/17th_century.htm This source was background information about the century in which the Glorious revolution took place. It explained that the first half of the seventeenth century was dominated by religious wars between Protestants and Catholics. This was illustrated by the Thirty Years War which took place in the The Holy Roman Empire (Germany). The treaty of Westphalia ended this war and also ended the idea of a united European empire and universal church. The second half of the century was dominated by Louis XIV of France, who wanted to dominate Europe. Louis XIV tried unsuccessfully to conquer Germany, but did succeed in crushing the Huguenot Protestants who lived in France. The seventeenth century was the start of an intellectual revolution where new ideas about nature, man and government were born.

Damerow, Harold Dr. Glorious Revolution: England in the 17th Century. http://faculty.ucc.edu/eghdamerow/glorious_revolution.htm. This source gave background information on the history of succession of the monarchy in England. It started with Henry VIII who was from the House of Tudor and explained that he split with the Roman Church to form the Church of England because he wanted to divorce his wife in order to marry Anne Bolyn. It explains the succession of the House of Stuart thereafter, starting with James I followed by his son Charles I. It also explained the English civil war which was between King Charles

I represented by the Cavaliers against the parliament which was represented by the Roundheads. Parliament won the war, and as a result Charles I was arrested, tried, and beheaded, making it the first killing of a king in modern history. Cromwell, the most successful general in the conflict, was made Lord Protector of England and England and Scotland became a republic. After Cromwell died, his son Richard was not as effective a ruler as his father, so the people restored the rightful Stuart heir Charles II to the throne, making England an absolute monarchy again although parliament had more rights. Then it went into a brief summery of the Glorious Revolution. After the Revolution, William and Mary ruled as a joint monarch in England. When both of them died, the crown returned to the Stuarts as James' protestant daughter Anne ascended to the throne. When she died, the crown went to the Stuart rulers of the German state of Hanover, which was located just south of Denmark. The kings of Hanover didn't really care much about England, and when they took the crown they did not even bother to go to England. In their absence Sir Robert Walpole assumed the first position of Prime minister, establishing the practice of having a prime minister in England. This source was a very good background source.

Dr. Richardson, Caleb. Personal Interview. April 12, 2012. Caleb Richardson is a historical expert at the University of New Mexico that specializes in Irish history. However, his field of expertise includes British history from when William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 to the present. This time period includes the Glorious Revolution. Mr. Richardson helped me to better understand the world at the time of the Glorious Revolution. He helped me correct historically incorrect information put in my website. When I went for the interview, I took a video camera and recorded the interview. I made several informative videos out of the interview that appear in my website.

Israel, Jonathon and Parker, Geoffrey. Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of

1588 and the Dutch Armada of 1688. Chicago : University of Illinois. 1991. This source compared two of the most infamous and largest navies ever to sail the seas. It compared Phillip II of Spain's invincible armada with Duke William of Orange's Dutch Armada. I learned that both of these feared forces had the same strategy to invade England. They both planned to land their navies at the coastal town of Torbay. However, only the larger Dutch Armada succeeded in actually landing their troops thanks to years of planning, cunning leadership, and a bit of luck. In 1588, 130 Spanish ships arrived off the coast of England. Although this was an amazing sight, the Royal Navy managed to drive the Spanish out into the North Atlantic. Severe weather that season caused storms to destroy around half the ships. The British rejoiced. Exactly one hundred years later, another fleet, even larger then the one from a century ago, appeared off the English coast. This fleet, with 463 ships and thousands of troops, was even more of a spectacular sight then the Spanish fleet. However, this time, there was no one to stop them. Due to bad winds and trouble getting out of their anchorage, the Royal Navy was three days behind the Dutch Armada. By the time the Royal Navy finally reached William, the troops had already landed. Seeing that a battle was pointless since there was no more invasion force to intercept, the Royal Navy fell back. The Dutch had lucked out.

Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch role in the Glorious Revolution. Glasgow : University of Glasgow. 1991. This source talks about the freedoms and democratic policies present in The Netherlands during the 17th century. It talks about how the leniency it had on many religious groups was considered absurd and was shocking to most outside governments. However, it also became the home for many Protestants living in Spain, France, Austria, and other Catholic kingdoms. The ideas of democracy was not new. However, only three governments in the world used a democratic society back then. Holland was one, and the other two were the Italian states of Genoa and Venice. The two Italian states were too small for most of the world to notice, but Holland was strong enough for people everywhere else to wonder how a country with such an uncommon government system could work so well. Many religious

exiles in Holland openly published their dislike of a democratic system and wished for an absolute monarch. However, the Dutch loved the freedom they had achieved from Spain and had no desire to go back to absolutist control. Things like this puzzled the outside world even more, as in no other country would you have the freedom to publish works against the government. However, the people liked these freedoms, and when William brought these ideas to England in 1688, it paved the way for the United State's Constitution and freedoms we enjoy in this country today.

Johnson, Richard. The Revolution of 1688-9 in the American Colonies. Seattle : University of Washington. 1991. England boasted the largest empire in the world for may centuries. This empire included America. Before the Glorious Revolution, the British colonies in America had very little or no governing by the government in London, as many of the colonies consisted of religious or racial exiles from England. The only things that connected the colonies and the homeland were the military and trade business. Virginia was the only English colony that was directly governed by the Monarch. This style was different then the French, Spanish, Dutch, and Danish colonies, who were all directly governed by the King. When word reached America that William had replaced James, many rebellions in favor of William broke out in the Colonies to get rid of any of James' old supporters. Once the rebellions were over, William decided to add a more Dutch policy to the English colonies. In colonies all over the Caribbean, the old local governors were replaced by new royal ones. The English government also began to control all of the trade taking place in all of the English colonies, including those in North America. These policies would encourage the American Revolution later on, as the Boston Tea Party was a protest against England controlling all of the tea trade in the colonies.

Jones, J. R. James II's Revolution: royal policies, 1686-92. University of east Anglica. 1991. This source talked about James II's political policies and how and why most of them were

disliked by most people. James II was a Catholic, which most Englishman disliked, as the majority of the English people were Anglican. Since James sympathized with others of his religion, he made policies of religious tolerance. These kind of policies were considered absurd in the 1600s. James tried to repeal the Test Acts, which were laws that forbid Roman Catholics to be in position of power in England. James put many Catholics in important positions, such as the army, the navy, and political seats. James' Catholicism also made him favor Catholic France and was a friend of Louis XIV. This was appalling to most Englishmen, as the English thought that James would return England to Catholicism. His arrests of many Anglican Bishops aroused further dissent against him. These reasons caused many of the English to side with William when he invaded, and was the eventual cause of James' downfall.

Jones, D. Sequel to the Revolution: The economics of England Emerge as a Great Power, 1688-1712. University of York. 1991. This source really showed the economic reforms in England brought by the Glorious Revolution. Before William invaded, England had tried to stay out of European wars. However, after James II was disposed and William came to power, England was automatically allied with Holland, which meant that England would also be at war with France. England now had to pay for the war effort. At first this was not a problem. Soon however, French privateers, who are pirates that have special permission from a government to raid ships of that countries enemies, began to blockade trade routes leading from the Americas to Britain. This caused a huge economic crisis in England, since much fewer colonial products were reaching England, trade in England practically ground to a halt. The country was nearing bankruptcy, however, an enormous shipment of silver managed to reach England. The British began to make coins out of this silver. Silver is not as hard as the steel and iron coins used before, and some sneaky Englishmen found out that if you cut a little sliver of silver off of every silver coin you own, you can form the slivers into a new coin. This was called clipping. The

clippers added many more coins into the system. Normally this would have the effect of hyperinflation which means that the value of the money becomes less. However, hyperinflation did not occur. The clippers made sure no one else knew about their clipping as clipping was a criminal offense. So, even though the value of these silver coins were going down rapidly, most people did not realize this. With this extra money, England was able to afford to win the war against France. Once England was victorious, the French privateers no longer raided England's trade routes, and England's economy was stable again. I found this source one of my most interesting sources.

Magid, Stefanie. Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion http://www.thegloriousrevolution.org/docs/rebellion.htm This source was excellent background information about the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion, which happened just three years before the glorious revolution. The Duke of Monmouth was King Charles II's son, and after Charles' brother James II took the throne Monmouth claimed that he was the rightful king. After living with William of Orange for a few years in Holland, Monmouth and eighty three men sailed to England to start the rebellion. He and his men went from town to town, giving speeches about the righteousness of his cause and how evil James II was. Thousands of poor men joined him, excited to be temporarily warriors. Eventually Monmouth had so many volunteers that he was running out of weapons to give them so he had to turn about a thousand volunteers away. Even though he had so many volunteers, his army was still not close to the size of the Royal army, especially when the volunteers started deserting him when there was a lack of fighting and bad weather was making them wish they were at home. Finally Monmouth decided it was time to strike. He got his army and sneaked quietly through the forest at night to attack the Royal Armies' camp while most of the soldiers were asleep. They were almost there when one of Monmouth's soldiers accidentally fired his gun, causing the sentries in the camp to sound the alarm. The Royal army got in formation and routed Monmouth's force, capturing Monmouth a few days later then executing him a few days after that.

New World Encyclopedia. Glorious Revolution. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Glorious_Revolution This source emphasizes the reforms of the Glorious Revolution. It summarized the Glorious Revolution. Through this source I learned about the Jacobites, the people in Ireland and Northern Scotland who still supported James II after he fled to France. The Jacobites started a rebellion in Scotland in 1689, the year after the Glorious Revolution, but the rebellion failed due to the death of it's leader, John Graham. Another Jacobite rebellion occurred in 1689, when the local Catholics in Ireland seized almost all of the fortified places in Ireland. They then invited the deposed King James II to come to Ireland and lead the rebellion. James II arrived in Ireland with six thousand French troops. This began the Williamite war (1689-1691), in which James II, with Irish and French help, tried to retake his throne. James II was defeated in the Battle of the Boyne, and he left Ireland to live the rest of his life in France. There were further Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1745 in Scotland.

Oresko, Robert. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-9 and the house of Savoy. London : Institute of Historical Research, University of London. 1991.

This source helped me to better understand how the Glorious Revolution impacted the rest of Europe. Savoy was a medium sized independent Italian state that existed at the time of the Glorious Revolution. Ever since it came into existence it had been trying to remain a neutral country. The Duke of Savoy had been diplomatic friends with Louis the XIV of France, but was also a second cousin of William of Orange, who, as the leader of Holland, was Louis XIV's ultimate enemy. When William of Orange invaded England in 1688, France lost its only powerful potential ally. For this reason and the fact that the exiled James II had practically no power, Savoy stopped diplomatic ties with France and James II and began making stronger diplomatic ties with Holland's Grand Alliance. This caused the treaty of alliance with Holland and Savoy's declaration of war against France. If Savoy had allied with France,

Savoy would be at war with Holland, Great Britain, Spain, and other smaller countries. Allying with Holland, however, made France Savoy's only enemy. Savoy would have wars with France for the next century.

The Glorious Revolution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvkGFYlRSeg&feature=related This video showed all of the effects that the Bill of Rights had on the Monarch. It made it illegal for the King or Queen to be a Catholic, and gave the Monarchy limited authority over passing laws and creating armies. I used this video in my website.

http://www.sailingwarship.com/category/drawings I got many of my ship pictures from this site. http://www.wholesaleartmall.com/Hyacinthe-Rigaud/Portrait-of-Louis-XIV.html I got my picture of Louis XIV from this site. http://www.beadinggem.com/2007/08/gems-from-1622-spanish-treasure-fleet.html I got my picture of the Spanish Treasure fleet from this site. http://www.bridgemanart.com/asset/76202/Wit-Frederick-de-1630-1706/T.945-Map-of-the-worldfrom-the-Atlas-by-Frederick?lang=fr I got my ancient looking map of the world from this site. http://www.flickr.com/photos/41051671@N07/3792253098/ I got one of my redcoats pictures from this site http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=james2 I got my portrait of James II from this site. http://www.thepeerage.com/e3060.htm I got my picture of the Duke of Monmouth from this site. http://bigapple.typepad.com/my_weblog/2009/05/new-york-city-decade-by-decade16801689.html

I got my picture of Mary and William from this site. http://www.oceansbridge.com/oil-paintings/product/80615/firepumptestinthecentralsquareofamsterdam I got my picture of Amsterdam from this site. http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-61655176/stock-photo-the-hague-holland-sept-cavalryaccompanying-the-golden-coach-with-queen-beatrix-on.html I got my picture of Dutch cavalry from this site. http://fineartamerica.com/featured/the-act-of-sacrifice-made-by-captain-desse-towards-the-dutch-shipcolumbus-jean-antoine-theodore-gudin.html I got the picture of the Dutch ships in the storm from this site. http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/painting_360966/(after)-Abraham-Storck/A-Mediterranean-PortScene-With-Two-Dutch-Vessels-At-Anchor I got my picture of the two Dutch ships at port from this site. http://www.nika-adventure-tours.com/eng/time_travel.php I got the picture of the Royal Navy in battle from this site. http://www.commonwealthbooks.org/William-the-Deliverer.html I got some of my pictures off of this site. http://www.clker.com/clipart-swirl-brown-cross.html I got the picture of the protestant cross off this site. http://yunaihistory.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html I got the picture of the royal soldiers in formation off of this website http://www.topnews.in/law/british-parliament-set-vote-reducing-24-week-abortion-limit I got my picture of the modern Parliament off of this site. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kuw8YjSbKd4 I used this for my Handle Water music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRxofEmo3HA&feature=related

I used this for my Vivaldi Four Seasons music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfpfZDpy42c&feature=relmfu I used this for my Dutch Music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkDXNSWJLuo I used this for my Sailing Music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF9QgooiwfI I used this for my J. B. Lully - La Marche des Combattants music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjrmRW3VXf8 I used this for my Ancient Stones music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=og0_YkdtbLU&feature=relmfu I used this for my Dancing Music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esd3EcxQho4 I used this for my Tavern Music.