Incorporation of Carrier-Based Planes Into the Navy: A Revolution in Naval Warfare

Bibliography

Maxwell Counihan, Andrew Klobucher, Frank McCarthy, Brian Riordan Group Website, Senior Division

Primary Sources Class of 1924, Strategic Problem VI, Statement of Problem, pgs1-5. Naval War College Archives. May 16, 1924

This was the opening of the war games in 1924. This showed us the information that they gave to the new students on the war game.

Capt. Ralph E. Styles. "December 7th, 1941." Interview. Central Florida World War II Museum. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.cfloridaww2museum.org/>.

This interview is of a survivor of pearl harbor. This gives us a first person reaction and experience of Pearl Harbor. This interview was not done by us but still is very useful as a source.

Dater, Henry M. "Tactical Use of Air Power in World War II: The Navy Experience." Military Affairs. No. 4 Vol. 14. Washington, D.C.: Society for Military History, 1950. 192-200. Print.

Marshall describes the use of airplanes in many battles fought by the Navy. This source is helpful because it gives us the information about many attacks that the Navy had used airplanes. These battles also show the impact of airplanes on the battle.

The Employment of Aviation in Naval Warfare. Naval War College Archives. January 21, 1939

This lecture/ presentation at the Naval war college presented in 1939 gave in great detail information about the employment of aviation in Naval warfare. This presentation talked about tactics, strategy, and use of aviation.

Hunter, Cpt R N. "Outline of Staff Presentation the Aircraft Carrier Part II." Lecture. Naval War College. 8 June 1945. Print.

This lecture/ presentation was given at the Naval War College in 1945. The transcript gave us information about the uses of the Aircraft Carrier in the major battles in the Pacific.

Insero, Frank. Personal interview. 8 May 2012.

This interview provided our group with personal accounts of a U.S. Navy Aviator. Frank Insero gave great information about flight training, explaining drills, tactics, and strategy. We were able to take a video of the interview and used it on our Development of Naval Aviation page.

Johnston, Stanley. The USS Lexington and the Coral Sea. E.P Dutton and CO., 1942. 280. Print.

This source gives eye witness accounts of the battle of the Coral Sea.

Koda, Vice Admiral (Ret.) Yoji. E-mail interview. 13 May 2012.

Vice Admiral Yoji Koda was able to provide us with information pertaining to the Imperial Japanese Navy. He was able to talk about the beginning of the incorporation of Aviation in the Navy. He also talked about the Imperial Japanese Navy aviation forces.

Lincoln, Ashbrook. "The United States Navy and the Rise of the Doctrine of Air Power." Military Affairs. No. 3 Vol. 15. Washington, D.C.: Society for Military History, 1951. 145-56. Print.

Ashbrook talks about how General William Mitchell played an important role in the beginning of Aviation in the Navy. This source is helpful because it gives back ground information about how the Navy began using airplanes in war.

Programs First Period Strategy Department. Naval War College Archives. July 16, 1923.

This document is on the Strategy department in 1923. This showed what information they provided for each war game that year.

Read, W. "The Beginning of Air Warfare, 1914 ." Eyewitness History. Eye witness to History, 2008. Web. 6 Sep 2011. <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/airwar1914.htm>.

Provided journal entries from a pilot in WW1 that showed how dangerous and different aerial warfare was in WW1 compared to all wars since.

Reminiscences of Admiral Alfred M. Prime US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1984. Print.

Admiral Alfred Pride in this interview talks about his experiences as the commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet during the Korean War.

Reminiscences of Admiral Arleigh A. Burke US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1974. Print. Special.

Admiral Arleigh Burke in the text of this interview talked about the difference in the Navy and Army operations to call in an airstrike in the Vietnam war. He also talks about the poor use of land based aircraft versus the Aircraft based operations.

Reminiscences of Admiral George W. Anderson, Jr. US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1983. Print.

This text of the interview of Admiral George Anderson Jr. described his experiences as Chief of Naval Operations during 1961-1963. He also talked more about his own experiences in his navy career.

Reminiscences of Admiral Harry D. Felt US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Vol. II. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1974. Print.

The text of this interview with Admiral Harry Felt explained his service during World War II and also his command of the Middle East Force. Describing his encounters as a commander of the carrier air group on the USS Saratoga.

Reminiscences of Admiral John J. Hyland Jr. US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1989. Print.

The interview with Admiral John Hyland Jr. talks about his operations as a naval aviator and a Commander of the US Seventh Fleet in the Vietnam War.

Reminisces of Admiral Thomas H. Moore; US Navy (Retired). Vol. III. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute. Print.

In this text of an interview with Admiral Thomas Moore explores his ideas on the Army vs. the Navy, carrier strength, air operation, and importance of carrier that were influenced by his service in the navy as an aviator and Chief of Naval Operations.

Reminiscences of Rear Admiral James D. Ramage US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1999. Print.

This interview with Rear Admiral James Ramage provided our group with information about the possible uses of carriers as mobile missile platforms.

Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Kent L. Lee; US Navy (Retired). Vol. I. Vol. II. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1990. Print.

In this text of the interview with Vice Admiral Kent Lee explores his experiences during World War II and also as a commander of the USS Enterprise during the Vietnam war.

Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Paul D. Stroop US Navy (Retired). Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1970. Print.

This interview with Vice Admiral Paul Stroop provides his encounters during his service with the United States Navy. He also goes into him overseeing the development of Aerial Weapons as chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics.

Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Robert Burns Pirie US Navy (Retired). Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute, 1974. Print.

This text of the interview with Robert Pirie was helpful to our website by providing information about the use of aircraft carriers in wars.

Rugel, Robert C. Personal interview. 1 May 2012.

Robert C. Rugel the Dean of the Center of Naval Studies at the Naval War college provided background history on the U.S. Aircraft carriers and also his own experience as an LSO/ Aviator. He also in his own studies is investigating the future of Naval Aviation providing us useful information on the future carriers.

Shiner, John F. "The Air Corps, the Navy, and Coast Defense, 1919-1941." Military Affairs. No. 3 Vol. 45. Washington, D.C.: Society for Military History, 1981. 113-120. Print.

This article is about the founding of aviation in the Navy and how the Army wanted to have control of the airplane attacks. The author Shiner was a professor at the U.S. Air Force Academy and also received his p.h.d in Ohio State University

Sims, William S. Letter to Frederic W. Wile. 16 Oct. 1924. MS.

This letter was about how the aircraft carrier would be able to bet out a battleship. This showed our group a true innovator for Naval Aviation.

Strategic Problem VI Chart Maneuver IV. Naval War College Archives. May 28, 1924.

This document was a map of the maneuver of a strategic war game in 1924. This showed the movements of the aircraft carriers in relation to other ships. Also it showed aircraft search patterns.

Strategic Problems VI History, Critique, and Record of Moves. Naval War College Archives. May 26, 1924.

This document was the record of moves, history, critique that was done on the specific war game. This showed our group what the professors at the college of the time were thinking about the history of this war game in 1924.

Strategic Problem V Strat .75 Orange and Blue. Naval War College Archives. Dec, 1923- Jan, 1924

This document is of a 1924 war game between the Japanese and the United States. This document shows the use of Carriers in war before they were ever used in battle.

Strategic Problem VI Strat.79 (Blue). Naval War College Archives. May 16, 1924.

This Strategic war game was about the United States (blue). The document was helpful as showing the ideas behind the aircraft carrier before the real use of one in war.

Strategic Problem VI Strat.79 (Orange). Naval War College Archives. May 16, 1924.

This war game was done on the orange (Japanese) side at the Naval War College. This predicted the strength of the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1924.

Strategic Problem VI Tactical Problem IV Strat.79 Tac.97 (Major Engagements in Blue, Orange). Naval War College Archives. May, 1924.

This document is on the major engagements between the United State (Blue) and the Japanese (Orange). This gave us in great detail how each encounter played out especially with carriers.

Strategic Problem VI Tactical Problem IV Strat.79, Tact.97 Orange, Blue. Naval War College Archives. March, 1924

This was a war game that was was conducted in 1924 between the Japanese and the United States. This document showed the use of aircraft carriers before the use of them in war.

Tactical Estimate of Blue Commander in Chief on Blue Campaign. Tac. 97, Strat.79. Naval War College Archives. March, 1924.

This document is a tactical estimate of the United States Naval Fleet. This would Be given to leaders of war games. The document showed our group the real strength of the United states Navy at the time.

Tactical Estimate of Orange Commander in Chief on Orange Campaign. Naval War College Archives. March, 1924

This document went along with a war game, being that it gave the leaders a tactical estimate of the Orange (Japanese) fleet in 1924. This gave our group what the United States perceived the Japanese Navy strength was.

Tactical Problem I Tac.10, mod.8 (Blue, Red). Naval War College Archives. July 11, 1923.

This was a war game between the United States (Blue) and the British (Red). This document showed that the United States was preparing for any war that would be possible with any other major power.

The Story of Naval Aviation. Prod. U.S. Photographic Center. United States Navy Department, 1954.

This video added onto our project by showing first looks at the Navy's airplanes and more. This video helps because it was produced in 1954 making it a primary source with great facts.

The Story of Naval Aviation. Prod. U.S. Photographic Center. United States Navy Department, 1961.

This primary source provided information about the U.S. Navy and the beginning of it all. This movie being a primary source gives our group good facts about the U.S. Navy.

Stratton, Samuel Wesley. "The Effect of Science in the Evolution of Industry." Speech. MIT Inaugural Address. 11 June 1993. MIT Libraries. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/inaugurations/s-stratton.html>.

The Inaugural Address made by MITs Eighth President describes how aviation gives a striking example of the inseparability between science and technology. This is describing how aviation has led to a more efficient industry.

Sudsbury, Elretta. Jackrabbits to Jets. San Diego, California: Neyenesch Printers, Inc., 1967.

This source covers the development of North Island, San Diego as it turns into a US army and navy base. The invention of the airplane greatly affected the series of changes that took place at the base allowing us to see how people reacted to these new changes as well as this new method of warfare that had never previously existed.

"WWI DIARY RECOUNTS AIR/SEA SAGA." National Aviation History Office. National Aviation History Office. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. <http://www.history.navy.mil/download/ww1-06.pdf>.

These diaries are first hand experiences of aviators who flew and sent back carrier pigeons. This is a primary source so it is very useful.

Secondary Sources

Abbatiello, Colonel John. "Colonel John Abbatiello." E-mail interview. 26 Nov. 2011..

This interview was very helpful by giving our group a good quote to use under the future of naval aviation. The Colonel had also many other information to answer our questions. This interview was very helpful.

Abell, John B.. Toward enhanced integration of naval aviation logistics. USA: Rand Cooperation , 1983.

This source informed us of the changes that were brought about by naval aviation. Many military and logistical changes had to be mad in order to properly integrate naval aviation into warfare. This source told about the changing of strategies in order to maximize the potential of this new method of combat. We know that this is a reliable source because the author was a member of the United States Naval Department which would have allowed him to witness the changes brought about by naval aviation firsthand.

"A Coming War Of Aeroplanes." 12/06/1910. 1.New York Times Archives. Web. 19 Sep 2011. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=9D07E7DE1239E433A25751C1A9609C946196D6CF>.

Provided insight as to how scientists saw the role of air planes on the future primary source.

society.

"Aeroplanes make War Games Useless." 19 Sep 1912. 1. New York Times Archives. Web. 19 Sep 2011. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=9D07E7DE1239E433A25751C1A9609C946196D6CF>.

This article shows the first implications of incorporating airplanes into war. it is a primary source

Aircraft Carriers. 2011. The History Channel website. Nov 14 2011, 10:19 http://www.history.com/videos/aircraft-carriers.

This short clip is helpful because it gives a summery of the Battle of Midway. We also plan on using it on our website.

"Air Force Association Convention: General Says Revolution in Warfare Requires New Skills." PR Newswire 13 Sept. 1999: 6410. General OneFile. Web. 19 Sep. 2011.

The article shows the the second revolution coming out of airplanes in warfare. Modern warfare with airplanes strategy is very different than Vietnam and earlier wars.

Air & Space Magazine. "Aircraft That Changed the World | History of Flight | Air & Space Magazine." History of Flight, Aviation, Space Exploration | AirSpaceMag.com. Air & Space Magazine, 01 July 2008. Web. 06 Sept. 2011. <http://www.airspacemag.com/history-offlight/Aircraft_That_Changed_the_World.html?c=y>.

This source describe airplanes that changed the world. Many of them were used for warfare and had a major achievement or a historical moment. This source is a great source because it was published in the Air & Space Magazine, which allows it to half a lot of facts that are reliable.

"America By Air." Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 2007. Web. 18 Sept. 2011. <http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal102/americabyair/>.

This online interactive website created by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum is very interesting and helpful because it shows you air transport from the early ages to today, and also gives quotes about air travel.

Asada, Sadao. From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2006. Print.

This book describes the relationship between the Japanese Navy and the US, focusing on the influence of Mahan on the Japanese Navy as well as the relationship between the US and Japanese navies in WW2, starting at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. This also gives us a Japanese perspective on their beliefs regarding how foreign influences (the US) influenced their own Navy).

Barlow, Jeffry G. Revolt of the Admirals; The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1955-1950. Washington: Naval Historical Center, 1994. Print.

This source provided us with information and images that clearly depicted the varying size of different aircraft carrier classes. It shows the progression of technology and materials allowing for larger ships to be built to accommodate more planes.

Baugher, Joe. "Mitsubishi A6M Zero." FIGHTER PLANES and MILITARY AIRCRAFT (pictures and Information). Web. 09 Feb. 2012. <http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/a6m.htm>.

This source tells our group about the creations of many of the Japanese planes. this ties into our research because we see how Japan uses airplanes in there Navy

Bishop, Chris. Firepower; Sea Warfare. Singapore: Grange Books, 1999.

This book focuses on the large parts of naval warfare including ships and submarines but the naval adaptation to aerial combat is most interesting and most pertinent to our project. This source outlines the many different uses that planes have had for the navy and the roles they still fill today.

Boynce, Walter J. The influence of air power upon history. New York: K. S. Giniger Inc., 2003.

This book provided us with information concerning the impact that aviation has had over the course of history. It aided us in the Global Reaction and response of our website by giving us other examples in which aviation clearly changed what would have happened in a given situation. The author of the book was also a pilot in the United States Air Force which would have provided him with firsthand knowledge of the use of aviation and the ways in which it significance it has had on history.

Boyne, Walter J.. The Smithsonian Book of Flight. New York: Orion books, 1987

This source provided us with several firsthand accounts of people witnessing flight for the first times as well other personal accounts of flying experiences as the plane was invented and reformed later on. This book has also been written in cooperation with Smithsonian which means there are many other sources that it mentions that we will be able to use to gather more specified information concerning peoples reaction to aviation.

Boyne, Walter J. "The Spirit of Billy Mitchell." Editorial. Air Force Magazine June 1996.Air Force Magazine. 1996. Web. 27 Sept. 2011. <http://www.airforcemagazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1996/June%201996/0696billy.aspx>.

This source gave us crucial information about Billy Mitchell, and how he convinced the Navy to invest more in airplanes instead of ships, and the effect he had as a result.

"Billy Mitchell- Advocate of Air Power." Century of Flight. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://www.century-offlight.net/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/Billy%20Mitchell.htm>.

This source gave us information on how the Navy primarily rejected Mitchells ideas on using a major element of airpower in combat, and it describes the demonstrative tests made by Mitchell to prove them wrong and ultimately change their minds.

"Billy Mitchell." Air University. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://www.au.af.mil/au/cadre/aspj/airchronicles/cc/mitch.html>.

This biography of Billy Mitchell shows where his interest in air first came from, and how how he changed naval aviation as we knew it throughout his life.

Catton, Bruce. Picture History of the Civil War. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1982.

This source provided us with information about the Civil War in the United States. We selected information that was pertinent to our topic by focussing on naval strategies and technologies used. The information provided about iron clad ships and upgraded weapons and armor helped us show how tactics did not change much during this time period.

Crouch, Tom D. Wings: a History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 2003. Print.

Tom D. Crouch goes into a deep explanation of the years that separated the kite and space age. He also talks about the reaction of people and the countries about the devastation cause by airplanes in war. We are going to use this to show some reaction to the plane in warfare.

Dugdale-Pointon, T., (30 March 2007), A Brief History of Air Warfare, 27 April 1296, <http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_airwar.html>

The author of this website brings a brief history of air warfare. This is important to read because it allows us to under stand what was happening at the time.

Dull, Paul S. A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute, 1978. Print.

This book provides a point of view of the Japanese during World War II. Giving the experience and plans of Japanese strategy. This will give our website another point of view on the battles. Also it will help us understand what the Japanese were thinking with their own recently developed Navy at that time.

Dwyer, Larry. "Mitsubishi A6M Reisen (Zero-Sen)." The Aviation History Online Museum. Web. 09 Feb. 2012. <http://www.aviation-history.com/mitsubishi/zero.html>.

This source gives us good information about the Japanese plane A6M Reisen. This is one of the famous planes that the Japanese created for Naval use and this source describes how it is used.

E.T. Woolridge, Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945-1975. (1995) Print.

Also gave information on Korean war. Specifically used for information on the changes aircraft carriers made in compensation for jet engines.

Emery, Edwin. The Story of America; As Reported in its newspapers from 1690. New York: R. Hoe & Co., Inc., 1965.

The news articles found in this book helped us to see what information was given to the masses during WWII. We chose to focus on articles from the early 1940's to see what large battles were reported on and how much the naval aviation section of the war was reported on. We saw that there were several mentions of the carrier based attacks in several different news paper title pages.

Escalona, Jorge and Karen. "Supersonic Sales Call." Smithsonian Air and Space March 2009: 4047.

This article shows the marketing tactics and such used to sell multi-million dollar planes around the world. This relates to globalization because not only has the plane itself made the world a smaller place but now they are being sold around the world to hundreds of countries making the world that much smaller.

"Evolution of Aerial Warfare."library.thinkquest.org. Thinkquest Team, 2000. Web. 6 Sep 2011. <http://library.thinkquest.org/C002733/History/index.htm>.

This version of aerial warfare history is a more basic source than source A. however its use of statistics makes it just as useful in providing helpful information.

Feltus, Pamela. "Billy Mitchell Sinks the Ships." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/mitchell_tests/AP14.htm>.

Pamela Feltus Article really helped us with our research because it describes how Mitchell was the main spearhead in the struggle to convince the Navy to increase the use of bombers to sink carriers, destroyers, etc in battle.

Feltus, Pamela. "Air Power: The Korean War." Centennial of Flight. US Centennial of Flight Commission. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/korea/AP38.htm>.

This source gave us key information on the Korean War. It gave insight as to the significance of the conflict, to history and specifically to nava aviation. The article also contained pictures that we used of strategic bombing during the war, as well as a map of the Korean War.

G.G. O'Rourke and E.T. Woolridge, Night Fighters Over Korea (1998) Print.

Gave specific information on the fighters used in the Korean War. Their deployments from aircraft carriers is the section we focused on.

Garant, A.M. "The Golden Era of Naval Aviation: An Aviator's Journey, 1939-1959" Trafford Publishing: Aug, 1 2002. Web. 2012

This source is the authors recollection of living through the "golden age" of naval aviation. It gives a perspective on how the technological advances affected those who used the devices and not just how it change global conflicts.

Gerald L. Miller, Nuclear Weapons and Aircraft Carriers: How the Bomb Saved Naval Aviation. (2001) Print.

Another focus on the Cold War. But was specifically used to provide information on the role aircraft carriers played in warfare and how they related to other technological advances.

Greenblatt, Miriam . The War of 1812; America at War. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1994.

This source showed us about the different naval tactics and strategies used during naval conflicts in the War of 1812. We were able to see that the naval strategies used in these conflicts were not changing despite the introduction of new technologies both in weapons and armor for ships. We have been able to compare these strategies with older ones employed in ancient and medieval naval battles.

Goodspeed, M. Hill. U.S. Naval Aviation. Pensacola : Naval Aviation Museum Foundation, 2005. 352. Print.

This book gives a very detailed description of how Naval Aviation began.

Grassel, Sam. "Effects of Airplanes on Society." AssociatedContent.com. 17 May 2010. Web. 3 Sept. 2011. <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2981902/effects_of_airplanes_on_society.html?cat =16>.

This source describes how the airplane has effected and continues to effect society in the forms of transportation, recreation, military use, and the travel industry. It provides basic information on each category, describing that particular areas origins with the airplane

and how the airplane plays a role in militaries, recreational use, transportation, etc, today.

Hallion, Richard P. "Airplanes That Transformed Aviation | History of Flight | Air & Space Magazine." History of Flight, Aviation, Space Exploration | AirSpaceMag.com. Air & Space Magazine, 08 May 2008. Web. 13 Sept. 2011. <http://www.airspacemag.com/history-offlight/Airplanes_that_Transformed_Aviation.html>.

This source is very helpful to understand how airplanes evolved to what they became today. This article shows also how the aircraft became useful for warfare and also traveling. This source is a great source because it was published in the Air & Space Magazine which allows it to half a lot of facts that are reliable.

Hallion, Richard. The Naval Air War in Korea. New York, NY: Kensington Pub., 1988. Print. Harrod, Fred. "Fred Harrod." E-mail interview. 19 Dec. 2011.

This interview was very use fully with our group receiving four pages of information by Fred. We were not able to incorporate a quote from him but his ideas and opinions were very useful.

Hattendorf, John B., B. Mitchell Simpson, and John R. Wadleigh. Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the U.S. Naval War College. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1984. Print.

This book provided information about the history of the Naval War College. The book also went into Alfred Thayer Mahans time at the college.

"History of Aviation." Global Aircraft. 11 Nov. 2002. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://www.globalaircraft.org/history_of_aviation.htm>.

This article briefly describes events of historical significance in the history of aviation, and as a result helps us to realize what events in the history of flight are truly important.

Hodge, Cody. "How The Airplane Changed War." Helium.com. 4 May 2009. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. <http://www.helium.com/items/1438609-how-the-airplane-changed-war>.

This source helped me to understand the evolution of the airplane in warfare, and the major and prominent role that it still plays today in nations wars.

Jentschura, Hansgeorg, Dieter Jung, and Peter Mickel. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1977. Print.

This book gives us a description of the Japanese Naval Ships between 1869-1945. The book shows the rise of the Navy and the transformation into aircraft carriers. Also the book provides our project with information on the rise of the Japanese navy and how they were able to develop their ships.

Jablonski, Edward. America in the Air War. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1982.

This source showed us how different planes were used in different ways in the Pacific conflict during World War II. This showed us how this brought a new dimension to naval combat which had never been explored before. Planes were being used in new ways in new places that had nor been possible before the invention and incorporation of naval aviation into the navy.

Johnston, S. Paul. Flying Fleets. New York: Sloan & Pierce, 1941.

This source brought to light information about the fleets of aircraft that were now more mobile than any land base could dream of. The information provided showed the extreme tactical advantage of being able to bring your entire air base around with you in order to resupply and have constant air support for troops on the ground.

Jordan, David, and Wiest Andrew. Atlas of World War II. Thailand: Amber Books Ltd, 2004.Mahan , Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1894.

This source provided us with valuable information in which showed us other ways and key events that naval power has been a deciding factor in a conflict. It brought to light many events that we had previously overlooked or had not looked into enough in order to truly realize the effect that naval dominance has had in certain situations.

Joseph H. Justice III, Lieutenant Colonel . "AIRPOWER COMMAND AND CONTROL: EVOLUTION OF THE AIR AND SPACE OPERATIONS CENTER AS A WEAPON SYSTEM." USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT. (2004): 28. Web. 29 Sep. 2011. <http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA423705>.

This paper was written by an active military service member who is a high ranking officer of the USAF. He gives a detailed and very specific description of how modern military air force tactics came to be.

Ketchum, Richard M.. The America Heritage. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1958.

This source showed us different naval tactics that were utilized during the American Revolution. We saw that the weapons used in this war in regards to cannons called upon certain placements of ships in order to maximize their effectiveness. This was not a large change in the tactics already used showing that there had not been a revolution in naval combat as of yet.

King, Bryon. "The Influence of Alfred Thayer Mahan." Whiskey and Gunpowder. 12 May 2005. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://whiskeyandgunpowder.com/alfred-thayer-mahan-the-influence-ofalfred-thayer-mahan/>.

This source discusses the influence of Alfred Thayer Mahan, who had the firm belief that with more naval power, countries would have more impact worldwide. This new way of thinking led to the future shaping in the naval ideas of many nations.

Koda, Vice Admiral (Ret.) Yoji. "Why the Imperial Japanese Navy Failed." Naval War College. 20 Jan. 2011. Lecture.

This lecture done at the Naval War College is about the logistics on why the Imperial Japanese Navy fail. This lecture done by the Retired Vice Admiral Yoji Koda gives our group a understanding on why the japanese navy failed.

Larkin, William T.. U.S. Navy Aircraft 1921-1914. Aviation History Publications, 1961.

This source informed us of some of the different aircraft used by the US navy in certain conflicts. The progressions that have been made over the years as planes change and adapt to the available technology in order to maximize their efficiency. This book made these changes clearer to see and better explained the outcomes of such changes.

Lcdr. Slaughter, Joseph. "Naval Aviation Interview." E-mail interview. 19 Dec. 2011. Joeseph is part of the History department of the United States Naval Academy. He gave us his opinion on the modern Navy planes. And also on his opinion of Billy Mitchel. Lundstrom, John. The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Naval Institute Press, 2005. 547. Print. .

This source described the different effects of the introduction of naval aviation, specifically those in the areas of tactics and strategy.

Loening, Grover. Our Wings Grow Faster. New York: 1935.

This source showed us other progressions and changes that have been made to aviation and air power over the years. These alterations have changed planes in countless ways

and have made them more effective now than ever before. It is these changes that have also created the means for naval aviation to be maximized to its utmost efficiency.

Love, Robert. "Naval Aviation." E-mail interview. 21 Dec. 2011.

Robert Love is a professor at the United States Naval Academy. He gave us good opinions on battles and Pearl Harbor.

Lundstrom, John. The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Naval Institute Press, 2005. 547. Print.

This source gave us good information about the battles in the Pacific.

MacQuarrie, Brian . "Battle of the ironclads tested their metal." Boston Globe Boston 11 March 2012.

This article showed us a modern look at the ironclads that were used during the Civil War. The man being interviewed for the article had relatives that has crewed on the USS Monitor against the confederate ship the Virginia. The battle ended in a draw because neither ship was able to destroy the other due to the fact that their weapons were ineffective against the new armor.

Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power upon History,. Boston: Little, 1918. Print.

This source directly gave us insight onto the thoughts of Alfred Thayer Mahan, and provides a basis as to why he is considered to have influenced the strategic thought in navies across the world. His concept of how countries with greater naval power would

have a greater worldwide impact directly influenced how navies have operated and fought throughout history, and can be observed in many navies today. This book also provides us with direct quotes from Mahan, and lets us see how he influenced naval history.

Major General Robert Ginsburgh, Major Edd Wheeler. "The Evolution of Air Warfare." Air Power. Air University Review, 2004. Web. 6 Sep 2011. <http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1972/mar-apr/wheeler.html>.

MG Ginsburgh and M Wheeler are two officers of the United States Military. They both have first hand knowledge of the affect of aerial warfare on traditional warfare tactics and strategies. The article they provide highlights the changes to warfare that needed to be made in order to compensate for The changes can best be described as revolutionary.

"Marine Technology." Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 2004. 140. Google Books. <http://books.google.com/books? id=bWZWAAAAMAAJ&q=WWII+aircraft+carrier+developers&dq=WWII+aircraft+carrier+dev elopers&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PYCWT7zjBMPu0gHguLXFDg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBA>.

The development of key naval technologies was highlighted by this article. Key advancements had to be made in order for the aircraft carrier that we know today to come into being. The information gained about its advancement and development over the years is key in creating a greater image of the many steps taken and progress made in order to give the United States the navy it has today.

Marolda, Edward J. Sea Air and Land; an Illustrated History of the US Navy and the War in Southeast Asia. Washington: Naval Historical Center, 1994. Print.

This illustrated book gave our group pictures of Naval Aviation operation during the Vietnam War.

Marshall, Norman S., and Mark /. "California Naval History: A California Moment. . . From the Pages of Naval Aviation's History." The California State Military Museum: Welcome to California Military History Online! California Center for Military History. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://www.militarymuseum.org/NavAvn.html>.

This website is very useful because it talks about the first acceptance of airplanes in the Navy. We can use this article to reference the creation of the Naval Aviation.

McDonald, Scot. Evolution of Aircraft Carriers. 1964.

This book showed the changes that have been made to the design of aircraft carriers over the years. These changes have paved the way for many other advancements in both the planes on board as well as shaping the carriers and super carriers we know today. These changes have changed naval warfare in many ways.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1947. Print.

This gave us a perspective on what Naval conflicts and operations that the US Navy carried out during WWII. This source gave key information on certain topics such as Midway, Pearl Harbor, and Coral Sea.

NAHF. "William Adger Moffett." National Aviation Hall of Fame. NAHF. Web. 07 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nationalaviation.org/moffett-william/>.

This website was very useful giving information about William Moffett who is considered the Father of Naval Aviation. The article is good because it is written by the NAHF. This information is useful in our project providing what he did.

National Aviation Hall of Fame. "Eugene Ely." National Aviation Hall of Fame. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.nationalaviation.org/ely-eugene/>.

This article on the National Aviation Hall of Fame website provides the greatest achievements of Eugene Ely. This article shows the beginning of Aviation in the Navy.

Nijboer, Donald. Seafire vs A6M Zero Pacific Theatre. New York: Ospery, 2009. Print.

This book by Donald Nijboer is a great source because it compares the American Seafire and the Japanese A6M Zero. This brings good information about how well the U.S. stood up against the Japanese.

"Pacific War Maps." Combined Fleet. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://combinedfleet.com/battles/>.

This source helped to provide images of the Pacific battles during WW2, and it helped to describe the importance of the aircraft carrier and naval aviation in these battles.

Polmar, Norman, and Minoru Genda. Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events. Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2006. Print.

This gave us information about the first flights off and onto aircraft carriers, which provided a solid basis for our pages which incorporated information about the American pilot Eugene Ely.

Peattie, Mark R. Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2007. Print.

This source gives insight into how the Japanese became a key power regarding naval aviation leading up to WWII. It really shows how they were able to develop their fixwinged fighters and 'pull-off' Pearl Harbor, and consequently the Pacific Conflict of WWII. It discusses the Japanese Zero fighter at length, which was an important fighter to the Japanese in WWII.

Peebles, Robert H.. "Review: [untitled]." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly July 1984: 106107. JSTOR. Boston Public Library . <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/stable/30239846>.

This book review provided us with insight into the military career of Chester W. Nimitz as well as after his retirement. This knowledge helps us see how even after serving, he still has a great influence on naval operations and developments

Pena, Fabio. "U.S. AIRCRAFT CARRIERS: THE FORERUNNERS." NavSource Online Naval History. NavSource. Web. 06 May 2012. <http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/forerunners/cv-forerunners.htm>.

Photo on the George Washington for the Civil War Carrier.

Posey, Carl. "50 Years of Hercules." Smithsonian Air and Space September 2004: 36-39, 42-45.

The Hercules cargo plane has been in service for over 50 years now and has since gone through many different upgrades and modifications. We can see that many of the upgrades it received speak volumes about the progress made with technologies surrounding aircraft. We can learn about how flight has progressed and evolved into the modern flying machines we know today.

Professor Watson USMA. Online interview. 20 Nov. 2011

Professor Watson was a great help with providing with his own opinion on what we asked him. We plan to use one of his quotes in our website.

Rabinowitz, Harold. Conquer The Sky: Great Moments In Aviation. United Kingdom: Miacheal Friedman Group, 1996. Print.

Here Harold Rabinowitz gave us the key details of many significant moments in the history of aviation, and gives us many images of these events and different types of experimental models and actual models of airplanes and air devices.

Rea, Robert Right, and Wesley Phillips. Newton. Wings of Gold: An Account of Naval Aviation Training in World War II. University, Ala.: University of Alabama, 1987. Print.

This book published by the University of Alabama gives an educational perspective on how pilots in the Navy were trained to specifically combat new enemy aircraft such as the Japanese Zero.

Reynolds, Clark G.. The Carrier War. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1982.

This book showed us how carriers were an integral part of WWII. It showed how they brought a whole new aspect into war and more specifically which had never been utilized before. We can also see that this caused a great development in the planes and ships that were used meaning that many new technologies and tactics had to be developed to use these new ships and their planes.

Robertson, Nic. "How robot drones revolutionized the face of warfare." (2009): n. page. Web. 19 Sep. 2011. <http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/07/23/wus.warfare.remote.uav/index.html>.

Provides an insight as to the future of modern air warfare. it is incredibly similar to the end of WW1 with the fighter plane.

Roland, Alex . "Review: Paradoxes of Naval History." Reviews in American History September

1986: 442-448. JSTOR. Boston Public Library . <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/stable/2702622>.

This source provides valuable insight into the unsung heroes of war that do not always come right to mind. The Naval admirals and captains because of their time on the open ocean do not have a large public presence even though they advanced naval aviation to the state that it is today.

Schencking, J. Charles. Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2005. Print.

This book describes the Japanese Navy during 1868-1922. The book provides us with great context to the Japanes Navy and the real foundation that brought to the rise of carrier-base planes in the Navy.

Schiavo, Mary, and Sabra Chartrand. Flying Blind, Flying Safe. New York, NY: Avon, 1997. Print.

Mary Schiavo goes in with great detail on the safety of flying in the world today. This book is useful because it gives our group some significance that we can relate our project to today. Since the Airplane revolutionized travel it also was unsafe then and today. Mary has her own reaction to events today that are useful in our project.

Smith, S. E. United States Navy in World War II. Scranton: Morrow, 1966. Print.

This source gives detailed descriptions of almost every US-involved naval conflict in WWII, as well as several pictures from these battles. The book is also introduced with a quote by Admiral Ernest J. King, the US Chief of Naval Operations in 1941. This quote seems highly descriptive of the US naval role in WWII, and will be soon on the site.

Smith, Douglas V. Personal interview. 1 May 2012.

A professor at the Naval War College Douglas Smith discussed about the rise of the Imperial Japanese Navy and also the United States Navy. Providing us with great information on Commander Reeves and his position on the US Langley.

Steel Boats, Iron Men: History of the U.S. Submarine Force. Turner Publishing, 1994.

This source helped us greatly gain more information and valuable knowledge about the use of aircraft carriers in their early development stages. This book was from the point of view of the submarine crew and their experiences and it clearly illustrated the effectiveness of naval aviation and how it was able to combat these submarines so effectively. This information has helped us create a more clear origin story and main use for aircraft carries before they developed into the floating bases they are today.

Stille, Mark. Imperial Japanese Navy Aircraft Carriers 1921-45. New York: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2005.

This source provided us with a large amount of information about the Japanese carriers constructed during the war. We could see more Japanese people who had similar designs to US navy officials. This allowed us to see more of how both technologies developed in similar ways between the US and Japan but had their distinct differences.

Stille, Mark. US Navy Aircraft Carriers 1922-45: Prewar Classes. New York: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2005.

This book showed us the earlier stages of aircraft carrier production which took place before WWII. This shows that there were developments going on in naval aviation before WWII which made later designs possible. We were also able to see the advancements and changes made to pre-war carriers an then compare them to war and post war carriers.

Stille, Mark. US Navy Aircraft Carriers 1942-45: WWII-Built Ships. Maryland : Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2007.

We were able to use this source to learn more about US made carriers that were constructed during World War II. This showed different developments and advancements made in technology that were made which greatly increased the performance of both ships and planes. This information has helped greatly with the advancements section showing the many changes made to carriers while they were most used.

Sweetman, Bill. "Unconventional Weapon." Smithsonian Air and Space January 2008: 42-51.

The aeroplane has gone through many transformations such as the development of the jet engine and so many more that build upon past ideas and make them greater. Stealth technology is something that has become a real threat to all nations because of the new dimension it brings. This article shows how as dangerous the plane can be in warfare, it cane become an even deadlier weapon.

Tomaszycki, Lance Corporal Scott L. "Aviation Reinvented Naval Operations Post WWII." The Marines. 7 Apr. 2011. Web. 2012. <http://www.marines.mil/unit/mcascherrypoint/Pages/AviationreinventedNavaloperationspost WWII.aspx>.

This source, written by a Lance Corporal in the Marines, helped us by giving us a more specific perspective about how Naval Aviation is essential to combat today, and also how Naval Aviation was essential to key battles since WW1.

Trento, Susan B., and Joseph John Trento. Unsafe at Ny Altitude: Failed Terrorism Investigations, Scapegoating 9/11, and the Shocking Truth about Aviation Security Today. Hanover, NH: Steerforth, 2006. Print.

Susan gives the coverage of 9/11 and the effects it has on airplanes and airports today. This is very important to our project because it gives us a bigger significance and a connection to today. That terrorist still use planes as weapons.

Trimble, William F.. "The Naval Aircraft Factory, the American Aviation Industry, and Government Competition, 1919-1928." The Business History Review Summer 1986: 175-198. JSTOR. Boston Public Library . <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/stable/3115306>.

We are able to see the different ways in which the government became involved with early aviation and how tight regulations and mainly milatarty control of the markets made it very hard for non-governmental business to compete in this new industry.

Ultimate Weapons- Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier. Prod. Military Channel.

This short clip shows the common day aircraft carrier today that are used by the United States Navy. The clip provided a nice short information to our website.

Unikoski, Ari. "War in the Air."firstworldwar. N.p., 2009. Web. 6 Sep 2011. <http://www.firstworldwar.com/airwar/summary.htm>.

Provided specific instances the airplanes changed strategic outcomes of battles.

Wheeler, Gerald E.. "Review: [untitled]." Pacific Historical Review August 1978: 495-497. JSTOR. Boston Public Library . <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/stable/3637495>.

This book review discusses a book that focuses on the life of one Fleet Admiral named Chester W. Nimitz. He lead to many developments over the course of wars and peace that were necessary to have naval aviation we have today and was key in his development of the aircraft carrier.

Wilson, Alastair , and Joseph F. Callo. Who's Who in Naval History: From 1550 to the Present. Oxon: Psychology Press, 2004.

This book allowed us to gain another viewpoint of many of the people that we had already mentioned on the site in previous sections. These new angles help us to get a more clear picture of each of these innovators and more appropriately appreciate their contributions to naval aviation. At the same time we also learned that some people's achievements have been exaggerated which allowed us to review that information and produce a more clear representation of these influential men.

"Why the Carriers?" US Navy. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/carriers/cv-why.asp>.

This article published by the US Navy helps to describe the importance of the aircraft carrier, more specifically why they are so vital to naval arfare today. It also provided a great quote by former Secretary of Defense William Cohen stating the importance of aircraft carriers to warfare as we know it.

Wright, John D.. Timeline of the Civil War. London: Amber Books , 2007.

This timeline of the Civil War showed us several different battles from which we were able to see different naval tactics used. We are able to see that the revolution in naval tactics had not taken place yet despite the fact that there was an advancement in armament and weapons for ships that did not bring about major changes in the strategies and tactics.

Y'Blood, William. The Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea. Naval Institute Press, 2003. 257. Print.

This source gave us some good information on the battle of the Philippine sea.

Zim, Herbert S.. Submarines; The Story of Undersea Boats. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1942.

This book brought to light several ways in which submarines could be spotted by surveillance planes during WWII. The Germans used submarines the most during the war and they posed to be a large threat to supply vessels. This was countered by naval based surveillance planes which were used to patrol shipping lanes to protect convoys.

Zimmerman, W. Frederick . Cvn-69 Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. Navy Aircraft Carrier. Nimble Books LLc, 2008.

This source provided us with information on the modern USS Dwight D. Eisenhower super carrier that is in the US Navy. We were able to learn more about the work and resources that go into the making of a super carrier as well as the staff and crew required to maintain it. This helped us with our modern application section of the website.