Information data.

Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an object. Data can be processed to create useful information. Data is a valuable asset for an organization. Data can be used by the managers to perform effective and successful operations of management. It provides a view of past activities related to the rise and fall of an organization. It also enables the user to make better decision for future. Data is very useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.

INFORMATION applies to facts told, read,or communicated that may be unorganized and even unr elated: topick up useful information. KNOWLEDGE is an organized body of information, or the comprehension and understanding consequenton having acquired and organiz ed a body of facts: a knowledge of chemistry. WISDOM is a knowledge of people, life, and conduct,with the facts so thoroughly assi milated as to have produced sagacity, judgment, and insight: to use wisdom in handling people.

operating system.
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.

Microsoft.

Microsoft is the world's leading producer of computer software. Microsoft was incorporated in 1981, but the company's roots go back at least as far as 1975, when the first commercially available personal computer appeared on the cover of Popular Electronics. The Altair 8800, as it was called, was a rudimentary system, but it found a market for home-based computers that in turn created a new demand: software to use with them. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen immediately saw the potential. Gates contacted the company that made the Altair, MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), and offered to write a program for the new computer. Gates and Allen created an interpreter for BASIC, then a main frame programming language, for use with the Altair. MITS hired both Gates and Allen in 1975, but by 1976 they had left to devote more time to their own fledgling company, Microsoft (from microcomputer and software).

Microsoft Word.
A full-featured word processing program for Windows and Mac from Microsoft. Available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office suite, Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via email because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the Word format.

Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X. Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs.

Microsoft PowerPoint.

PowerPoint is a software package created by Microsoft. Users create a presentation with a series of slides. It is easy to import documents from other types of software such as Microsoft Word and import it into PowerPoint. Presentations are created in a series of PowerPoint slides, using available templates or starting from a blank page. Users can import audio, video, graphics and text into PowerPoint to make interesting and dynamic presentations. When creating a presentation, users design a slide that they will generally present to an audience or print as a handout or manual. To present a PowerPoint document, users often use a projector and screen rather than showing the presentation on a desktop or laptop. Users can also write notes underneath the slide to draw upon as reminder points during the presentation. The audience cannot see the notes on the screen. Users can animate the screen, setting it up so that portions of the slide appear on the screen at timed intervals. Animation can be useful if the user has an abundance of information on the screen and wants to avoid a cluttered effect. Users can time parts of the screen to disappear from view at certain intervals as well.

Programming IDE.
IDEs are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tightly-knit components with similar user interfaces. This should mean that the programmer has to do less mode switching versus using discrete development programs. However,

because an IDE is a complicated piece of software by its very nature, this higher productivity only occurs after a lengthy learning process. Typically an IDE is dedicated to a specific programming language, allowing a feature set that most closely matches the programming paradigms of the language. However, there are some multiple-language IDEs, such as Eclipse, Active State Komodo, IntelliJ IDEA, Oracle J Developer, recent versions of NetBeans, Microsoft Visual Studio, Genuitec My Eclipse, Win Dev, and X code. IDEs typically present a single program in which all development is done. This program typically provides many features for authoring, modifying, compiling, deploying and debugging software. The aim is to abstract the configuration necessary to piece together command line utilities in a cohesive unit, which theoretically reduces the time to learn a language, and increases developer productivity. It is also thought that the tight integration of development tasks can further increase productivity.

web browser.
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier(URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[2] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet. some web browsers are;

WorldWideWeb Mosaic, Netscape Navigator and Netscape Communicator, Internet Explorer 1, Opera, 1996, History of the Opera web browser

Mozilla Navigator, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome.

Utility.
A program that performs a very specific task, usually related to managingsystem resources. Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing disk drives, printers, and other devices. Utilities differ from applications mostly in terms of size, complexity and function. For example, word processors, spreadsheet programs, anddatabase applications are considered applications because they are large programs that perform a variety of functions not directly related to managingcomputer resources. Utilities are sometimes installed as memory-resident programs. On DOSsystems, such utilities are called TSRs.

Computer Technology.
When searching for a new career field with a high demand for skilled workers, some may refer you to the world of computers. Computers of all sizes play a significant role in modern society. They are involved with doing everything from helping prepare our meals to managing our finances. As such, working in the computer technology field can prove to be a steady line of employment, since computers will be part of our world for decades to come. Loosely speaking, computer technology refers to the design, construction and programming of computers. This broad definition encompasses a few major areas such as hardware, software and networking. Advanced areas involve artificial intelligence, robotics and biomedical forensics.

Communication.
The transmission of data from one computer to another, or from one device to another. A communications device, therefore, is any machine that assists data transmission. For example, modems, cables, and ports are all communications devices. Communications software refers to programs that make it possible to transmit data. In the electronic world, it is the transfer of data and information from one location to another. "Data communications" or "datacom" refers to digital transmission. "Telecommunications" or "telecom" refers to a mix of voice and data, both analog and digital. However, due to digital convergence, "telecommunications" implies "data communications."

Information Technology.

Information Technology (IT) is concerned with technology to treat information. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by amicroelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications are its main fields.[1] The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." [2] Some of the modern and emerging fields of Information technology are next generation web

technologies, bioinformatics, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledgebases, etc. Advancements are mainly driven in the field of computer scien

Communication Technology.
Communication technology is a term used to describe the various forms of correspondence that are available, including technological advancements. Communication technology includes new discoveries such as Internet communication, cell phones.

Telephone Tribute's timeline site claims ancient smoke signals as the very first communication technology; the Greek poet Homer discussed the use of smoke signals around 1200 B.C. Besides carrier pigeons, smoke signals remained the best option for nearly instantaneous long-distance communication until the introduction of the telegraph in 1837. The telephone was introduced in 1876, the radio in 1901, the television in 1928, and the most recent technology, the Internet, in 1969. Most forms of communication technology were used by governments or institutions before they became household commodities.

e-mail.

Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Emailservers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. An email message consists of three components, the messageenvelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.

INPUT DEVICES
An input device is any hardware device that sends data to the computer, without any input devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, much like a TV. In the picture to the right, is a Logitech trackball mouse and an example of an input device. Below is a complete listing of all the different computer input devices that can be used on a computer.

The processing hardware in a computer is accountable for storing and retrieving information. This information is processed using the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This part of the computer takes information that is inputted by the user and processes the information by calculating, comparing and copying it and is then saved to the computer's memory (RAM) Random Access Memory.

Storage in human memory is one of three core process of memory, along with Recall and Encoding. It refers to the retention of information, which has been achieved through the encoding process, in the brain for a prolonged period of time until it is accessed through recall. Modern memory psychology differentiates the two distinct type of memory storage: short-term memory and long-term memory. In addition, different memory models have suggested variations of existing short-term and long-term memory to account for different ways of storing memory.

BUFFERS
In computer science, a buffer is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved from an input device (such as a mouse) or just before it is sent to an output device (such as speakers). However, a buffer may be used when moving data between processes within a computer. This is comparable to buffers in telecommunication. Buffers can be implemented in a fixed memory location in hardware - or by using a virtual data buffer in software, pointing at a location in the physical memory. In all cases, the data stored in a data buffer are stored on a physical storage media. A majority of buffers are implemented in software, which typically use the faster RAM to store temporary data, due to the much faster access time compared with hard disk drives. Buffers are typically used when there is a difference between the rate at which data is received and the rate at which it can be processed, or in the case that these rates are variable, for example in a printer spooler or in online video streaming.

Secondary storage
, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is all data storage that is not currently in a computer's primary storage or memory. An additional synonym is external storage. In a personal computer, secondary storage typically consists of storage on the hard disk and on any removable media, if present, such as a CD or DVD.

BYTE
A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively

A kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes, not one thousand bytes as might be expected, because computers use binary (base two) math, instead of a decimal (base ten) system.

Similarly, one 1 GB is 1,024 MB, or 1,073,741,824 (1024x1024x1024) bytes. A terabyte (TB) is 1,024 GB; 1 TB is about the same amount of information as all of the books in a large library, or roughly 1,610 CDs worth of data. A petabyte (PB) is 1,024 TB. Indiana University is now building storage systems capable of holding petabytes of data. An exabyte (EB) is 1,024 PB. A zettabyte (ZB) is 1,024 EB. Finally, a yottabyte (YB) is 1,024 ZB

Unit Equivalent 1 kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes 1 megabyte (MB) 1,048,576 bytes 1 gigabyte (GB) 1,073,741,824 bytes 1 terabyte (TB) 1,099,511,627,776 bytes 1 petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes.

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