ADDRESSING Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: Physical (link) addresses, Logical

al (IP) addresses, Port addresses, and Specific addresses Addresses in TCP/IP

Each address is related to a specific layer in the TCP/IP architecture

Physical Addresses The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. It is included in the frame used by the data link layer. It is the lowest-level address. The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN or WAN). The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network. For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).

First byte 0 7

second byte 15

third byte 23

fourth byte 31

Network Address

Host address

Fig: Class A address structure. Note: For each network block the value in the first byte (Network ID) remains same while the remaining 3 bytes (Host ID) may vary. First byte of class A Specifies decimal values from 0 to 127. Network block 0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255 is used for private network. In private network, the computers are allocated address space for communicating with the computers on the internal network and not directly with the internet. Class B Addressing: Class B addresses consists of 16-bit network ID and 16-bit Host ID. So, each network in class B will have 216-2 number of host (IP) addresses available to assign to the devices. These address classes the first two bytes represent network ID that is 128.0.X.X where X is any number between 0 and 255. The second network block starts from 129.0.0.0 to 129.255.255.255. the last network block of class B is 191.255.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 where the network ID of last block is 191.255.X.X. Class B provides 16 special and reserved network address blocks. Hence the remaining 16,368 network address blocks are used for assigning address to various organizations Each network address block in this class contains 65.536 host addresses. Within host addresses in a network block the first host address and last host address is reserved for special use. Class b is designed to serve IP addressed for mid level organizations.

The below figure shows how FDMA statues use a fixed portion of frequency band call the time. Guard band 1 2 3 4 m-1 Channel BW Frequency

Frequency FDMA is not suited for bar sty traffic conditions because of in efficient use of transmission resources. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA is a method of time division multiplexing of digitally modulated carriers. In TDMA, each station transmits digitally modulated carriers during preassigned time slots, making use of the entire transmission channel during its transmission. The status are synchronized such that only one carrier is present on the channel at any given time. Thus avoiding collisions of stations. Sufficient guard bauds are provided to ensure collision avoidance. Each station rpends mostof the time accumulating packets and prepating them for transmission in a burst during the assigned rime slot. The average bit rate of each channel is same because time slot available is same for each station Below figure shows TDMA stations use a fixed portion of time slot in the frequency band. Guard band m

1 Frequency

m-1

1 TDM frame

Advantages of TDMA 1. At a given time only one carrier is present on the channel hence intermediation distortion is eliminated 2. TDMA transmission is repeated in time domain processing of signal in time domain is carrier. 3. TDMA is most efficient method of transmission becauses of efficient use of transmission resources. 4. TDMA can accommodate consider range of bit rates by allowing a station to be allocated several slots thus TDMA is move flexible than FDMA.