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Whitney Notched Strength
Whitney Notched Strength
James M. Whitney Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
241
.-
__._ .. -
_. . .
II
a
a L R
(O/f
45/90)2s
0.4 -
I 0.6
o(
dV
TENS ON: I
243
[- 1
4 of + 13 Yc=+ 2) Vb
3PT: -
BENDING(aPTI:
BENDING (4PT):
244
THICKNESS EFFECTS
TENSION:
BENDING:
(3
PT)
h2>hl
245
_ .~
(X-R),
IN
POINT
STRESS
CRITERION
Qy (R+do,O)
= co
AVERAGE STRESS
CRITERION
Rtdo L
00
Uy (X.0) R
dx=Uo
246
X>R
CIRCULAR HOLE:
POINT STRESSCRITERION %
%
Q)
= C2+t,2
t
2 +3E,4-(KT -3)(5c,-7Ela)]
R 1 = R+do
AVERAGESTRESSCRITERION
6 2=
R R+ao
247
Y3( 2R/W )=
2 +( k2R/W) 3&2R/W)
6.t
(O/90)
T300/5208,
K,=5.
II
FINITE B
ELEMENT (INFINITE
SOLUTION PLATE
FOR
2R/W 1
=I 13
5.r SOLUTION
4.t Y -F 3.f
2.C
I (
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 X,
I .o INCHES
248
2R O*bOp0.5.. I.0
T300/5208, - 1.00
c ;3
-z 2
IO0
lo0 0.2-
0.1 -
- 0.25
0.2
0.4 2R
0.6 (in)
0.8
1.0
I 1.2
2R (cm) 1.5 2.0 T30015208 Vf = 0.66 v. =638 MPa (92.4 ksi) 2.5
b \ ez b
2R
(in)
249
CENTER-CRACKED SPECDlEti
TAB
END -fW
3 E -
;-
2,_
.-
I
01
I
0.04 (X-C),
1
0.06 IN
I
0.08
I
0.1
I-
C-
0.02
250
CENTER CRACK
x,c
J.
I-ts2 s
Es=
c+d,
AVERAGESTRESSCRITERION
-0% (J-0
co
I-C4
I I+<,
cl=
C c+ao
FINITE
= Yi(2C/W)ON
Yl(lc/w)
- 0.288(i~/w)~
ERROR< 0.5%
251
0.07s 5 u
0 -0.1s F -0.10 O0
o.oso-
0.025 -
(0, f45,90),,
SCOTCHPLY Vf = 0.50
0 0
I 0.2
I 0.4 2c (in)
I 0.6
(0, f 45,90&,
= 0.0909
cm (0.0358
In)
01 0
I 0.2
I . 0.4
I 0.6 2c (In)
I 0.8
I A.0
1.2
252
FRAC!CU~ TOUGHNESS
POINT STRESSCRITERION
c-Q),
K, -
CT0/2 ndo.
AVERAGESTRESSCRITERION
K,= J m(l-64) %
( I +<4)
1.5
I
2.0
I
2.5
I
3.0
I
I-
-J
250
- 200 d,=3.63 &, = E,, /4 cm (0.143 in) in) -150 E c0 0 k - 100 (0.2 45, SOI,, V = 0.50 co=320 MPa (48.4 kril SCOTCHPLY 1002 2 = 0.0909 cm (0.0358
0.2
0.4 2c
0.6 (in1
0.8
1.0
1.2
253
250 20
Ti, ~ 3 . 6 3m (0.143 i n ) c
200
15
kg
[0/-145/90],~
Vf = 0.50
S C O T C H P L Y 1002
2c
(in)
XODIFIED THEORY
= = = =
Ro
m
C
UNIT LENGTH
CASE 1: dO CASE 2: Rd
-,A-I,
m
n
*N --+A uO
'cr
CASE 3:
1 ON uO INDEPENDENT OF R
A - &
CASE 4: Rd m>l m,
A-
0,
*N a0
i.ao-
HTS
-Epoxy
00 0.25-
256
Srmb*l lso/o/:4sls
HTS
traphim-Eporv
0.25-
(mm) . - 0.5 (mchrs) I;0 I.0 ~ , -0.0 , . . 2.0 2;o 0.5 . 1 1.0
SUPERIWOSING NOTCHEDSTRENGTH
MATERIAL 1 AND MATERIAL 2 @ @2 IF A2 =A, AND 't$'12 - 'Kf$
=
l
ARBITRARY RADIUS FOR MATERIAL 1 RADIUS IN MATERIAL 2 PRODUCING SAME PERCENT STRENGTH REDUCTION
Re
Re=
ll(m2-I) acm -'i?)
acmR m2-1 ) R ( ( ) % -
ml - m2
257
FOR CONSTANTm:
aC =
LOG aC
0
c1 5
1Al - m) ,
- LOG C21
ON a0
INSENSITIVE FOR R 5
1.0
0.25-
l/KY I I
0 -I:6
0.0 I
4.0 3.2
-016
0.0
loQlo R
016
(inchrrl
258
DEFINE tiONENTIAL
Kp2
SHIFT PARAXETER :
c2
K&
Cl
q-
Re
-
R i$j
a m
LOG Re
am LOG R ml - 1
a=m
m2 - 1
EXPONENTIALSHIFT PARAMETER
I 0.25 log R
0.0
. .
i I I (mm) I
1.0 ;
I I t I ,
i
log R*=a,log
01
-2.0
R
12
2.0
d4
-I:2 logloR
-0!4 I (inched
259
Mo8I,rr
Curvr
A 8
m ii
03 0.36 0.15 0.42 0.40 360 S.60 2.24. 3.oa 3.oa
8 0.75.
0 0 A
log,oR (mm)
0 -3.0 -1.0 -2.2 0 -1.4 1.0 -0.6 0.2 2.0 1.0 3.0
I.8
loa,oR (in)
-612
cxsSl2 a==ylL
-h/2
I E s h/2
w,
Y)
- 7/2pe)
Loading
In do = m In R - In K
260
Shape pwameter a 3 5 10 12 ii 30
* Cw*l~Uon cwtlkl*nl lrom lho ImAll squAwA fll ml Iln~w owAlion, In d. - m In II - la I(; mlnlmum threa pdnla (radtl) wed for l ock glr*n
3s WEIBUL
1 IO
1 IS SHAFE PARAMETER
I 20 0
261
COMMENT An interesting observation has been made (ref. 1) concerning the Whitney "point stress" or "average stress" criterion. the center-notched unidirecIn particular, tional laminate with no notch tip damage is shown to have a square root type stress distribution with an equivalent notch length, which differs from the actual number of broken fibers by a small but constant amount, independent of the number of broken fibers. This is consistent with the assumptions leading to the "point stress" and "average stress" criterion. This is not the case if notch tip damage (in the form of matrix yielding or transverse broken fibers) is present, and it is shown that the damage produces stresses in the unbroken fibers which are less severe than a and also that an analogous equivalent notch length does not square root behavior, exist'. REFERENCE 1. Goree, J. G.; Dharani, L. R.; and Jones, W. F.: Mathematical Damage in Unidirectional Laminates. NASA CR-3453, 1981. Modeling of
James G. Goree Clemson University COMMENT The Weibull distribution function is based on a weakest link concept of failure, This concept underlies the size which in general is not applicable to composites. effect which would account for the difference between bending and uniform tensile strength in purely brittle materials. The difference between tensile and bending strengths in composites is more likely related to the "gradientn effect, which allows localized failure and stress redistribution, as in the case of elasticplastic materials. I. M. Daniel Illinois Institute of Technology
262
COMMENT The present point stress and average stress criteria relate the notched strength of a laminate to the average strength of a relatively long tensile coupon. Tests of notched specimens in which microstrain gages have been placed at or near the edges of the holes have measured strains much larger that those measured in an unnotched tensile coupon. Furthermore, orthotropic stress concentration analyses of failed notched laminates have also indicated that failure occurred at strasns much larger than those experienced on tensile coupons with normal gage lengths. Earlier, both Hahn (ref. 1) and Wu (ref. 2) presented data that related fiber strength to gage length. This suggests that the high strains at the edge of a hole can be related to the very short length of fiber subjected to these strains. Since the length of fiber that is highly strained is proportional to the hole size, this would explain the higher strains to failure measured at the edge of smaller holes. Lockheed has attempted to correlate a series of tests of several laminates with holes ranging from 0.19 to 0.50 in. Although the average stress criterion correlated well with test results for hole sizes equal to or greater than 0.50 in., it overestimated the laminate strength in the range of hole sizes from 0.19 to 0.38 in. It thus appears that we need a theory that is based on the mechanics of failure and is more generally applicable to the range of hole sizes and the varieties of laminates found in aircraft construction. REFERENCES 1. 2. Hahn, H. T.: Failure Mechanisms. Failure Analysis Fibrous Composite Structures, NASA CP-2278, August Strength Theories Wu, Edward M.: Analysis and Mechanisms of Failure August 1983, pp. 173-189. and Mechanisms of Failure 1983, pp. 153-171. of
of Composites: Status and Issues. Failure of Fibrous Composite Structures, NASA CP-2278,
Company
263