Ch 4 Multiple access techniques for wireless communication Start of chapter 4.

1 Introduction Multiple access schemes allow many users to share the radio spectrum. Sharing the bandwidth efficiently among users is one of the main objectives of multiple access schemes . The variability of wireless channels presents both challenges and opportunities in designing multiple access communications systems. Multiple access strategy has an impact on robustness and interference levels generated in other cells. Therefore, multiple access schemes are designed to maintain orthogonality and reduce interference effects . 4.1.1 Need cellular systems divide a geographic region into cells where mobile units in each cell communicate with the cells base station. The goal in the design of a cellular system is to be able to handle as many calls as possible in a given bandwidth with the specifi ed blocking probability (reliability). Multiplexing deals with the division of the resources to create multiple channels.. Multiplexing can create channels in frequency, time, etc., and the corresponding terms are then frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), etc.. Multiplexing techniques aim to increase transmission efficiency by transmitting multiple signals or data streams on a single medium. The resulting increased capacity can be used either to deliver a higher data rate to a single user, or to allow multiple users to access the medium simultaneously without interference. Since the amount of spectrum available is limited, we need to find ways to allow multiple users to share the available spectrum simultaneously. Shared access is used to implement a multiple access scheme when access by many users to a channel is required. Efficient allocation of signaling dimensions between users is a key design aspect of both uplink and downlink channels, since bandwidth is usually scarce and/or very expensive. When dedicated channels are allocated to users it is often called multiple access.. Take Box R-449 4.1.2 Classification of Multiple access schemes

Multiple Access methods address the problem of how many users can share the same spectrum resources in an efficient manner. We distinguish between

Multiple access within one cell, i.e., a fixed assignment of resources in time or bandwidth to specific users Random access, i.e., a dynamic assignment of spectrum resources in time or bandwidth to users, according to their needs Frequency reuse, i.e., assignment of spectrum resources considering the location of users and the attenuation of radio signals that travel over sufficiently large distances.

Examples of multiple access schemes are

Time Division Multiple Access

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Code Division Multiple Access

The multiple access schemes can be either reservation-based or random. Multiple access schemes allow many users to share the radio spectrum. Sharing the bandwidth efficiently among users is one of the main objectives of multiple access schemes . The variability of wireless channels presents both challenges and opportunities in designing multiple access communications systems. Multiple access strategy has an impact on robustness and interference levels generated in other cells. Therefore, multiple access schemes are designed to maintain orthogonality and reduce interference effects .

Multiple access schemes can be classifi ed as reservation-based multiple access (e.g., FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) and random multiple access (e.g., ALOHA, CSMA) (see Figure 4.1) . If data traffic is continuous and a small transmission delay is required (for example in voice communication) reservation based multiple access is used. The family of reservation-based multiple access includes frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) . In many wireless systems for voice communication, the control channel is based on random multiple access and the communication channel is based on FDMA, TDMA, or CDMA. The reservation-based multiple access technique has a disadvantage in that once the channel is assigned, it remains idle if the user has nothing to transmit, while other users may have data waiting to be transmitted. This problem is critical when data generation is random and has a high peak-rate to average-rate ratio. In this situation, random multiple access is more efficient, because a communication channel is shared by many users and users transmit their data in a random or partially coordinated fashion. ALOHA and carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) are examples of random multiple access . If the data arrives in a random manner, and the data length is large, then random multiple access combined with a reservation protocol will perform better than both random- and reservation based schemes. We first focus on the reservation-based multiple access schemes including narrowband channelized and wideband nonchannelized systems for wireless communications.

Figure 4.1 Multiple access schemes.

Modern cellular phone systems inherently use some form of FDMA, but on each carrier multiple user signals are multiplexed. The latter involves TDMA (e.g. GSM or D-AMPS), CDMA (IS-95) or a combination of both (UMTS).