Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Manual Calculation - Pencil Beam
Manual Calculation - Pencil Beam
Manual Calculation - Pencil Beam
Manufacturer 1145 Corporate Lake Drive Suite 100 St. Louis, Missouri 63132 USA http://www.cmsrtp.com Phone: 1-314-993-0003 Toll Free: 1-800-878-4267 FAX: 1-314-993-0075 Email: sales-na@cmsrtp.com Customer Support: North, Central and South America Phone: 1-800-878-4CMS (4267) Email: support@cmsrtp.com European Union CMS GmbH Heinrich-von-Stephan Str. 5 b 79100 Freiburg Germany Phone: +49-761-88188-0 Toll Free: +800-4000-5000 (regionally limited) FAX: +49-761-88188-11 Free FAX: +800-4000-5001 (regionally limited) Email: sales-europe@cmsrtp.com Customer Support: Europe, Middle East and Africa Phone: +49-761-88188-0 Email: support-europe@cmsrtp.com European Union Authorized Representative Paul Shane Bennetts M Devices Group Marlborough House, Riding Street Southport PR8 1EW UK Phone: (0) 1704 544 944
Japan CMS, Japan, K.K. Nagatacho Bldg. 2-4-3, Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 Japan Phone: 81-3-3580-7100 FAX: 81-3-3580-7120 Email: sales-japan@cmsrtp.com Customer Support: Japan Phone: +81-3-3556-5391 Email: callcenter-japan@cmsrtp.com Asia CMS Worldwide Corp. 25th Floor, Suntime International Mansion #450 Fushan Road Pudong, Shanghai 200122 P.R. China Phone: +86-215058-1041 FAX: +86-215058-1045 Email: PacRim@cmsrtp.com Customer Support: China Phone: +86-215058-1041 Email: support-china@cmsrtp.com Customer Support: Asia, Australia and New Zealand CMS Worldwide Corp Suite 15 International Business Centre Australian Technology Park Eveleigh, Sydney NSW 1430 Australia Phone: 61-2-9209-4507 FAX: 61-2-9209-4154 Email: support-australia@cmsrtp.com
Revision History Revision XiO_TRN_PENCIL_MANCALC_B Date 04/17/2007 Changes Update template and logo; add revision history
Copyright 2007 by CMS, Inc. All rights reserved. Performance characteristics given in this manual are for reference only and are not intended as guaranteed specifications.
ii
Table of Contents
Manual Calculation ............................................1
Treatment Plan Setup ............................................................... 1 Compute the fan and depth spacing.............................................. 2 Determine the off-axis factor due to scatter occurring above the cone for all points contributing dose to the calculation point ......................... 3
Calculate the MCS value at depth z....................................................... 3 Calculate the air value at depth z........................................................ 8 Convolve the initial pencil distribution with air to find the air factor at the calculation point and hence at points contributing dose to the calculation point 9
Determine the central-axis term due to both scatter occurring above the cone and scatter in the medium for all points contributing dose ......... 14
Calculate the air value at depth z.......................................................14 Deconvolve the electron component of the measured PDD data given a smearing function equal to H2O to find the central-axis term at the points contributing dose to the calculation point....................................................................15 Calculate the sigma-water value at depth z ...........................................16
Determine the dose contributions from all points lying within 3.4 times sigma-water of the calculation point............................................ 19 Calculate the final dose at the calculation point ............................. 20
XiO
iii
iv
Manual Calculation
By manually carrying out all the steps involved in computing the dose at a point according to the electron pencil beam algorithm, a greater understanding of the limitations of the algorithm, and also a better intuition about the role of various parameters can be achieved. In general, the manual computation of dose at any given point using the pencil beam algorithm is prohibitively labor-intensive. However, by choosing a beam of high enough energy and a point at a shallow enough depth, the sigma-theta-x and MCS values can be small enough that the number of terms that must be calculated is reasonable. This section describes a sample calculation of the total dose at a point. The values of all terms are either calculated explicitly, derived from symmetry arguments where it can be proven that the values are exactly equal to those already explicitly calculated, or determined precisely through analysis. This means that approximations are not used in the manual calculation; the calculations are carried out according to the same criteria employed in the software.
XiO
FMCS: NOTE:
1.75
= 100.44mm
2. Calculate the depth spacing in the calculation grid, z: First, calculate the desired depth spacing based on the practical range (a smaller spacing is used for smaller energies and hence practical ranges):
desired z (mm) = 1.75mm + = 1.75mm + = 2.918mm Rp 86 100.44mm 86
Then the actual depth spacing is calculated by forcing a depth at 0.0 and at dmax (where the int operator truncates the quantity in parentheses):
actualz (mm) = d max d max int desired z 21mm
21mm int 2.918mm
= 3.0mm
3. Calculate the fanline spacing in the calculation grid, x: The desired fanline spacing at the nominal reference distance (which is also the pencil spacing at the nominal reference distance) is calculated based on the cone size (a smaller spacing is used for smaller cones):
desired x (mm) = cone size* 0.005 + 1.8 = 60.00mm* 0.005 + 1.8mm = 2.1mm
The actual fanline spacing is calculated to be as close as possible to the desired fanline spacing subject to the additional constraints that fanlines exist at the central axis and at the field edges, according to the equation:
actual x (mm) = cone size* 0.5 0.5+ 0.5* cone size int desired x 60mm* 0.5 0.5mm+ 0.5* 60mm int 2.1mm
= 2.143mm
Determine the off-axis factor due to scatter occurring above the cone for all points contributing dose to the calculation point
It is necessary to determine the air-scatter factor for all points surrounding the calculation point which are within the region over which dose will be contributed. This region extends to 3.4 times the respective MCS value of each of the points surrounding the calculation point. Therefore, in order to determine the points for which the air-scatter factor must be calculated, it is first necessary to determine the MCS value of all points surrounding the calculation point. Since the setup in this example is a water phantom with a flat surface, all points at a given depth will have the same MCS value, and therefore only one MCS calculation for the depth of the calculation point need be performed. This MCS value will also be used in the central-axis term calculation and in the calculation of dose contributions in subsequent steps.
XiO
values at the first 4 depths must be calculated. At a depth zero, the starting point of the evaluations, all three recursion coefficients and hence the MCS (which is the A2 coefficient) are zero. The calculation at the next four depths is carried out according to the following equations:
Z eff T(z) = T 0 1 Rp
dzscat(n) =
power for the mean electron energy at z, T(z), and spr is the specific scattering power ratio of the electron density at the current depth element (or 1.0 for all elements in this example since the medium is water).
Ao (n) = Ao (n - 1)+ dzscat(n) A1 (n) = A1 (n - 1)+z* Ao (n - 1) -
z * dzscat(n) 2
z 2 * dzscat(n) 3
A1 (1) = 0 + 3mm* 0 -
3mm * 0.003246 2
= - 0.004869mm
2 A2 (1) = MCS (1)
(3mm)2 * 0.003246 3
3mm (0.003494) 2
= 0.009738 mm2 + 2* 3mm* (-0.004869mm)+ (3mm )2 * (0.003246)+ = 0.02022 mm2 (3mm )2 * 0.003494 3
XiO
3mm (0.003740) 2
= 0.02022 mm2 + 2* 3mm* (-0.000372mm)+ (3mm )2 * (0.006740)+ = 0.08987 mm2 (3mm )2 * 0.003740 3
= 0.002650 mm-1
dzscat(4) =
= MCS 2 (12mm) = 0.08987 mm2 + 2* 3mm* (0.01424mm) + (3mm )2 * (0.01048)+ = 0.2816 mm2 (3mm )2 * 0.003983 3
Now, the range over which points will contribute dose, and hence the range over which the air-scatter factor must be calculated is found by multiplying 2MCS by the FMCS value, 1.75, and multiplying the square root of this amount (the rms) by 3.4 (3.4 is the number of rms's over which the summations are performed):
MCS range (n) = = MCS (n)* 1.75 * 3.4 0.2816 mm2 * 1.75 * 3.4
= 2.387mm
This means that the region over which dose will be scattered is a square centered at the calculation point and with sides of size 3 elements. In order to know whether or not the air-scatter factor will vary over these 9 elements, we first need to compute the range over which the air-scatter contribution must be summed. Then we need to determine whether or not the values used to compute the contributions vary over these 9 elements.
XiO
Now the region to each side of the calculation point over which the air scatter factor contributions will be summed is 3.4 times air, or 4.638mm. The only parameter that would cause the air-scatter factor to vary over the 9 elements would be variations in the initial pencil beam intensity, since the air value is constant over a plane at a given depth. Since the initial pencil beam intensity is 1.0 over the inner 3 x 3cm region of the field, and the furthest point for which the air contribution must be calculated is 0.5* (3* 2.169mm)+ 4.638mm = 7.891mm from the central axis, which is well within the region where the initial pencil beam intensities are equal to 1.0. Therefore, we have proven that the air scatter factor is identical for all the points contributing dose to the calculation point, and we only need to carry out the double summation involved in the air-scatter computation once.
Convolve the initial pencil distribution with air to find the air factor at the calculation point and hence at points contributing dose to the calculation point
As presented earlier, the equation for Sair(x,y,z) is:
S air ( x, y, z ) =
1 S ( xi , y j , ) 4 i = W x j = L y
2 2
+W x 2
+L y 2
The limits of the summations will be equal to the indices of the elements over which 99.96% of the dose lies (that being 3.4 times the air value, or 4.638mm beyond the calculation point's fanline), rather than the full field dimensions. The indices are the number of elements to which this distance corresponds, as found by the equation:
= int(2.638)
= 2
This number indicates that region over which contributions will be summed is a square centered on the calculation point, with 2 elements to each side of the calculation point, or a 5 element by 5 element region consisting of 25 contributing elements. There is a high degree of
XiO
symmetry in the contributions from these elements since the contributions are radially symmetric about the center. This fact will be utilized to reduce the number of calculations, which need to be explicitly carried out. As a result of the radial symmetry of the initial pencil beam distribution over the contributing region, only 6 of the 25 points need be computed (as shown in Figure 6.): There is only 1 point contributing the amount calculated at (i=0, j=0). By symmetry, there are 8 points contributing the amount calculated at (i=2, j=1). Again by symmetry, there are 4 points each contributing the amount calculated at the remaining points: (i=2, j=0), (i=1, j=1), (i=1, j=0), and (i=2, j=2).
Figure 6. Region of Elements Contributing to theScatter-Air Factor at the Calculation Point, (0,0)
10
Since the projected pencil size at a given depth is the same as the fanline spacing at that depth, xi xi-1 = x, the above equation can be rewritten in the form:
1 Sair ( x , y , z ) = 4
erf erf
i =2 j =2
S( xi , y j , )
(i +.5) * x
(i .5) * x
( j .5) * x
2 air ( z ) 2 air ( z )
Expanding the summations, the sum of all 25 contributions can be expressed as:
S air (0,0,12mm) = [ S air (i = 0, j = 0)] + 8* [ S air (i = -2, j = 1)] + 4* [ S air (i = -1, j = 0)+ S air (i = -2, j = 0) + S air (i = -1, j = -1) + S air (i = -2, j = -2)]
( 15) * 2.169mm ( 2.5) * 2.169mm . * erf erf . . 2 * 1364mm 2 * 1364mm 1 . = { erf ( 1687 ) erf ( 2.811 )} * { erf ( 1687 ) erf ( 2.811 )} . 4 1 = ( 0.98299 0.99993 )* ( 0.98299 0.99993 ) 4 = 0.0000717
For simplicity of presentation in the calculations of the contributions from the remaining terms, the factor evaluated.
2.169mm 21.364mm
XiO
11
* {erf[ - 0.5* 1.124 ] - erf[ - 1.5* 1.124 ]} 1 {erf(-1.687) - erf(-2.811)}* {erf(-0.562) - erf(-1.687)} 4 1 (-0.98299 - -0.99993)*(-0.57367 - -0.98299) 4
= 0.001733
* {erf[0.5* 1.124 ] - erf[ - 0.5* 1.124 ]} 1 {erf(-1.687) - erf(-2.811)}* {erf(0.562) - erf(-0.562)} 4 1 (-0.98299 - -0.99993)*(0.57367 - -0.57367) 4
= 0.00486
* {erf[ - 0.5* 1.124 ] - erf[ - 1.5* 1.124 ]} 1 {erf(-0.562) - erf(-1.687)}* {erf(-0.562) - erf(-1.687)} 4 = 1 (-0.57367 - -0.98299)*(-0.57367 - -0.98299) 4 = 0.04189
12
* {erf[0.5* 1.124 ] - erf[ - 0.5* 1.124 ]} 1 {erf(-0.562) - erf(-1.687)}* {erf(-0.562) - erf(0.562)} 4 1 (-0.57367 - -0.98299)*(-0.57367 - -0.57367) 4
= 0.1174
Thus the final value for the air-scatter factor for each of the points contributing dose is 0.99985. The fact that the value of the air-scatter factor is nearly equal to 1.0 is a consequence of the fact that the initial pencil beam intensity distribution is unity for all points in the summations for the air-scatter factor. The deviation from 1.0 is most likely simply due to the fact that we cut off the summation at the point where 99.93% of the total has been accumulated. The value begins to be significantly less than one for points approaching the field edge, or for distances very far from the cone.
XiO
13
Determine the central-axis term due to both scatter occurring above the cone and scatter in the medium for all points contributing dose
The equation (in the discrete form) for calculating the central-axis term at a point is:
G0 ,0 ,H2O [ SSDbeam , cone , Z eff ( x , y , z )] = { PDDH2O [ Z eff ( x , y , z )] D photon [ 0,0, Z eff ( x , y , z )]} 1 4 * erf * erf
+L y + 2 cm 2
L W j= y 2 cm i = x 2 cm 2 2
+W x + 2 cm 2
erf ) erf )
14
The PDD at 5mm beyond the practical range is found by interpolation between neighboring PDDs:
105.44 - 105 PDD(105.44) = PDD(105)+ * [PDD(106) - PDD(105)] 106 - 105 0.44 = 5.17 + * (4.68 - 5.17) 1
= 4.954
PDDelectron (12mm) = PDDmeasured (12mm) - PDDmeasured ( R p + 5mm) = PDDmeasured (12mm) - PDDmeasured (105.44) = 101.00 - 4.954 = 96.05
Deconvolve the electron component of the measured PDD data given a smearing function equal to H O to find the central-axis term at the points contributing dose to the calculation point
2
The measured PDD value will deviate from the central-axis value by an amount equal to the dose that is scattered away from the central axis and is not scattered back by neighboring elements. Thus to determine the central-axis term, we divide the measured PDD value by the fraction of the area under the water Gaussian which represents scatter contributions to the calculation point. For the PDD data, which is measured in a water phantom, convolving twice with both the air and MCS Gaussians is the same as convolving once with the Gaussian found by convolving the two Gaussians together (this can be dose since the MCS Gaussian dose not vary laterally). The rms of this Gaussian is equal to:
H 20 = 2air + fmcs* 2mcs
XiO
15
The distance of the region over which the water scatter will be computed is 3.4 times the water sigma. The number of elements surrounding the calculation point which corresponds to a distance of 3.4* H 2O 2 (or
3.4* 1.534mm = 5.216mm 3):
water range number of fanlines = int + 0.5 fan spacing 5.216mm = int + 0.5 2.169mm
= int (2.905) = 2
The contribution from the element at i=2, j=1 is given by: For simplicity in the calculations of the contributions from the remaining terms, the below equations contain the factor 0.9998, which is equal to the factor
2.169mm ( 2 * 1.534mm)
4.
* [erf( - 1.5* 0.9998 ) - erf( - 2.5* 0.9998 )] 1 [erf(-1.500) - erf(-2.500)]* [erf(-1.500) - erf(-2.500)] 4 1 [-0.96602 - -0.99959]*[-0.96602 - -0.99959] 4 = 0.0002817
16
= 0.00873
0.1160
= 0.04972
= 0.2705
XiO
17
= 0.99937
Again, the off-axis term for the central axis measurements for water is nearly 1.0, a consequence of the fact that the contributing elements are all confined to a region where the initial pencil beam intensities are 1.0. Now we can compute the central-axis term:
G H 2O (0,0,12mm) = PDDelectron (12mm) S H 2O (0,0,12mm)
Computation of the inverse square factor is carried out according to the equation:
f inverse (x, y,z) =
square
Since the SSD for the fanline through the calculation point is equal to the beam SSD (these being coincident), and since the effective depth of the calculation point is equal to its physical depth, the inverse square factor is unity.
18
Determine the dose contributions from all points lying within 3.4 times sigma-water of the calculation point
The final calculation of the dose contributions from neighboring elements is found by computing for each point contributing dose the product the off-axis factor, central-axis factor, air-scatter factor and inverse square factor, and then summing the contributions from all points. The off-axis factor is computed using the same equations as for the calculation of the off-axis factor for both the air and water Gaussians, except that the sigma for this Gaussian is MCS. As determined in Step 2, the range over which medium scatter, or MCS occurs is 1 element. We therefore need to compute the contributions for each of 9 elements centered at the calculation point. (The below equations use a sigma value of the square root of the fmcs* 2 = 1.75 * 0.2816 mm2 = 0.7020mm 5) MCS The contribution from the element at i=0, j=0 is given by:
S MCS ( i = 0, j = 0 ) = 1 ( 0.5 )* 2.169mm ( 0.5 )* 2.169mm erf erf 4 2*.7020mm 2*.7020mm
( 0.5 )* 2.169mm ( 0.5 )* 2.169mm * erf erf 2*.7020mm 2*.7020mm 1 . . . . = { erf ( 10924 ) erf ( 10924 )} * { erf ( 10924 ) erf ( 10924 )} 4 1 = ( 0.87775 0.87775) * ( 0.87775 0.87775 ) 4 = 0.7704
XiO
19
S M CS (i = -1, j = -1) =
* [erf(- 0.5 * 2.185) - erf(- 1.5 * 2.185)] 1 [erf(-1.0924) - erf(-3.2772)] * [erf(-1.0924) - erf(-3.2772)] 4 1 [-0.87775 - -1.0]*[-0.87775 - -1.0] 4
= 0.00374
S M CS (i = -1, j = 0) =
* [erf(0.5 * 2.185) - erf(- 0.5 * 2.185)] 1 [erf(-1.0924) - erf(-3.2772)]* [erf(1.0924) - erf(-1.0924)] 4 1 [-0.87775 - -1.0]*[0.87775 - -0.87775] 4 = 0.05365
20
S H 20 (0,0,12mm) = S air (i = 0, j = 0) + 4* [ S air (i = -1, j = 0)+ S air (i = -1, j = -1)] = 0.7704 + 4* (0.00374 + 0.05365) = 0.99996
The final computation of dose at the point is found from the equation:
D(0,0,12mm) = off - axis component * central - axis component * inverse square factor * air - scatter factor + D photon (0,0,12mm) = 0.99997 * 96.11* 1.0* 0.99985+ 4.954 = 101.046
Thus the calculated dose matches the measured PDD value at the calculation point to within 0.054%, as is expected. The results of the manual calculation can be compared to the values generated by the software by displaying the Source Index for the calculation. The Source Index lists the PDD at the physical depth, which is just the measured PDD value, and the PDD at the effective depth, which is the dose value determined by the calculation. Discrepancies in the tenth of a percent digit are expected since the calculation was only carried out manually using 4digit precision. The calculated dose along the central axis should always match the opencone, nominal SSD PDD. Slight discrepancies could be explained by the fact that the PDD used is for the nearest mm to the point, rather than the interpolated value at the point. The relative sizes of the cone and sigmawater values in this example resulted in an off-axis value of nearly 1.0 for the PDD measurements. For smaller cones, or at greater depths and greater distances from the surface, this term may be less than 1.0. For points which are not along the central axis, the dose values will begin to be different from the PDDs at the off-axis distance at which the initial pencil beam intensities used to compute the air-scatter factor of any of the points contributing dose to the calculation point are less than one, i.e., near the edge of the field. In such cases, the off-axis factors for the MCS and air scatter, which in this manual calculation were nearly 1.0, would be less than 1.0.
XiO
21