Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digital Transmission: TE313: Introduction To Switching and Transmission
Digital Transmission: TE313: Introduction To Switching and Transmission
TE 313
Digital Transmission
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
Synchronization
Essential characteristic of signals such that their corresponding significant instants occur at precisely the same average rate. Synchronous signals are locked to a common clock in order to assure this property. => The average bit rates of two synchronous digital signals are exactly the same if the signals are compared bit by bit during the same period of time.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 2
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Asynchronous
The antonym of synchronous Two asynchronous signals have no relationship whatsoever between bit rates and other significant frequencies of the signals.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
Plesiochronous
Applies to comparison of two signals Signals are asynchronous with the frequency difference between the signals being small. Plesiochronous signals are locked independent high-precision clocks.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering
to
4
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Why Synchronization?
All digital networks need stable clocks synchronized to a common ultra-stable clock. Signals from many sources are multiplexed and switched in common devices. A signal from any source may appear any where in the network: a connectivity requirement for networks.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 5
Why Synchronization?
Two different rate signals multiplexed into the same stream will lead to an accumulation of bits from the fast channel that will never be sent. The only way to avoid this is by having synchronous signals and inserting buffers in the network to pick up short term variations.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 6
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
Multiplexing: Overview
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Objective To utilize the transmission medium(cable, radio relay, fiber or satellite) efficiently by combining several communication channels into a single channel.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
Multiplexing
Multiplexing: sharing of network resources by several information flows. Multiplexing: combining data(voice) channels for transmission on a common medium. Multiple devices sharing one phiysical link Demultiplexing: recovering the original separate channels from multiplexed signal
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
10
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Static Multiplexing
Two types: TDM and FDM WDM is a special form of FDM. Used in optical cables.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
12
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Multiplex Structures
Multiplexed signals may further be multiplexed into larger systems in several ways. FDM signals may further be frequency multiplexed to form an FDM hierarchy. TDM signals may further be time multiplexed to form a digital hierarchy.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 13
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
14
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
0
B
0
C
W W
f f
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
15
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Super Group
This consists of
60 channels FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420 kHz and 612 kHz Each group is treated as a separate signal with 48 kHz bandwidth
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
18
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Master Group:
ITU-T: 5 Supergroups for 300 voice channels with a bandwidth of 1.232 MHz AT&T: 10 Supergroups for 600 voice channels with a bandwidth of 2.52 MHz
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 19
Analog Hierarchy
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
20
10
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
t
21
0T 1T 2T
3T 4T
5T 6T
Telecoms Engineering
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
22
11
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Interleaving
Relative organization of bits from different channels to one another. Word interleaving Words from each channel are inserted successively.32 channels make a frame. Bit interleaving All the first bits of all 32 channels make up a frame.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 23
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
24
12
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
25
TDM in PSTNs
Trunks are used to transport several telephone channels from one location to another location. Voice signal are digitised using PCM, 64kbps channel is resulted (but also used for data, etc). A TDM trunk carries several digitised voice channels, hence better quality of cable must be used.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 26
13
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
The Digital signal (DS) specifications are implemented on T lines (T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4)
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 28
14
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
E series
E series is the European standard for trunk system and is not compatible with the T carrier system.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
29
Network Elements
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross-connect Switches (DCS)
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
30
15
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
31
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
32
16
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
PDH.
The solution is to add extra bits to cater for jitter. Each frame is placed in a larger slot, and preceded by a Frame Alignment Word (FAW) to signal its start. This approach is called plesiochronous (almost synchronous) and the hierarchy is called the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH).
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 33
PDH..Some Disadvantages
Channels cannot be added or removed at the higher speeds (drop & insert); the higher speed channel must be demultiplexed to the initial synchronous PCM frames rst. Very restricted signaling for conguration and management of the multiplexing system. Effectively each link is a separately manage entity.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 34
17
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
and so..
Plesiochronous hierarchies are problematic due to the need to synchronise clocks across networks. If perfect synchronization can be achieved in multiplexing, a higher efficiency, less complicated management will be resulted. SONET/SDH standard was developed. It denes a synchronized multiplexing technique for transporting trafc in PSTNs.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 35
SDH/SONET
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) is a scheme by which both synchronous and asynchronous hierarchies can be accommodated by providing frame synchronisation if necessary. The synchronous optical network (SONET) is a north American standard similar to SDH.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
36
18
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
SONET/SDH Developments
The following developments lead to the SONET/SDH standards: The development of optical ber transmission. The large-scale integrated circuits making complicated devices for synchronisation possible.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 37
Purpose of SDH
Provision of standard suitable for optical networks Provision of a system that can combine any standard data rate of the PDH hierarchies Provide an effective interface for ATM systems
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 38
19
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Provide add-drop capability: the capability to insert or remove individual channels of any multiplex level without demultiplexing the entire signal. This requires strict synchronism. Offer improved operation and maintanance procedures.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 39
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
40
20
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Demultiplexing is achieved by gating out the required bytes from the digital stream. This allows a single channel to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as is required in PDH.
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
41
21
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore the hierarchy is synchronous SDH defines a multiplexing hierarchy that allows all existing PDH rates to be transported synchronously.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 43
College of ICT
Telecoms Engineering
44
22
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
What happens?
SDH is essentially a transport mechanism for carrying a large number of PDH payloads. A mechanism is required to map PDH rates into the STM frame. This function is performed by the container (C).
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 45
A PDH channel must be synchronised before it can be mapped into a container. The synchroniser adapts the rate of an incoming PDH signal to SDH rate. At the PDH/SDH boundary Bit stuffing is performed when the PDH signal is mapped into its container.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 46
23
Telecoms Engineering
TE 313
Once a container has been created, path overhead byte are added to create a virtual container. Path overheads contain alarm, performance and other management information. A path through an SDH network exists from the point where a PDH signal is put into a container to where the signal is recovered from the container.
College of ICT Telecoms Engineering 47
24