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Dolomite and Dolomitization Models (Compatibility Mode)
Dolomite and Dolomitization Models (Compatibility Mode)
Dolomite and Dolomitization Models (Compatibility Mode)
LectureOutline
Chemistry,Dolomitization reaction,andFabrics Directprecipitation Dolomitesediments Cements Replacement ModelsofDolomitization Evaporative SeepageReflux Mixingzone Burial Seawater
DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
DolomiteCrystalStructure
Orderedcrystalformrequiresalotoftime tocrystallizeandhasnotbeensynthesized inlaboratoryexperiments.
OriginsofDolomite
1. DirectPrecipitation 2. Replacement
DirectPrecipitation
Ca2++Mg2++2(CO3)2 =CaMg(CO3)2 IftheMg/Caratio>.67thereactionshouldgoto therightanddolomiteisprecipitated Mg/Caseawater=5.2,Thusmarineseawateris supersaturatedwithrespecttodolomite(several ordersofmagnitudemore),butdolomitedoes notprecipitatereadilyfromseawater.Why?
3/11/2008
Dolomitedoesntprecipitatefromseawater becauseofkinematicfactorssuchas:
1.Fastprecipitationrates,Dolomitecan'tgetorderedthat fast. 2.HydrationofMg2+ions(associatedwithwatermolecule) Caionsmorereadilyabsorbedintothecrystalstructureand calciteoraragoniteisformed.Mghydrationismoreeasily calciteoraragoniteisformed Mghydrationismoreeasily overcomebyhighertemps that'swhyburialdolomitization ispopularwaytodolomitize. 3.LowactivityofCO32 SeawatercontainsmostlyHCO3 and H2CO3.DolomiteformsfromtheCO3 ionandnottheHCO3 anion,thereforehighalkalinityandhighpHsolutionsfavor dolomite.
Dolomitemicrite sediment
InmodernSabhkas Mg/Ca=6areprecipitating dolomiteinverysmallamounts. Sulfatereductionfoundindecomposingalgalmats leadstoalkalinefluids,conducivetolocaldolomite precipitation. Producesprotodolomite orprimarydolomite crystal structurepoorlyordered.
DolomiteCements
Describeusingsametermsutilizedforcalcitecements Clear,"limpid"orrhombic,drusy sparliningcavities. TypicalofMixingZonedolomitecements
BaroqueDolomite BaroqueDolomiteorSaddleDolomiteCements
Mayalsoformasareplacementdolomite Haswarpedcrystallatticecausingthecrystalfacesandcleavage planestobecurved.Irregularcrystalboundaries. Resultsinundulose extinction. Typicallyhavecloudyappearanceinthinsectionandapearly lusterinhandspecimenduetofluidinclusions. CommonlyhashighFecontent. Formsindeep,burialconnateenvironment. Commonlyassociatedwithhydrocarbons,sothoughttoformat lowtemperatures(60150C)inconnectionwithSO4 releasedby organicsinthehydrocarbons
3/11/2008
DolomiteReplacementofCalciteorAragonite
2CaCO3 +Mg2+=CaMg(CO3)2 +Ca orallCaused: CaCO3 +Mg2++CO32 =CaMg(CO3)2
DolomiteCrystalMorphology
1.Pseudomorph aftercrystalreplaced 2.Planare:euhedral 3.Planars:subhedral 4.Nonplanar
Importantfactorscontrollingreplacementfabric:
1.Grainoriginalmineralogy pseudomorphs commoninhigh Mgcalcite;lowMgcalcitetendstoresistdolomitization for examplebrachiopodsoftennotreplaced. 2.Grainoriginalcrystalsizepseudomorphs commoninlarge originalcrystals(echinodermovergrowths)andveryfine grainedmaterial(limemuds)withmanynucleationsites. Retainsoriginalsedimentarystructures. 3.Timingofdolomitizationamountofcementationthathas takenplaceordissolution,basicallywhatotherdiagenetic processeshaveoccurred 4.Natureofdolomitizing fluids saturationstateand temperature
NatureofDolomitizing Fluids
Saturationstate:
supersaturated pervasivedolomitization thatreplaceseverything saturated selectivereplacementofmostsusceptable grains. Temperature: Lowtemperature planar,euhedral crystals Hightemperature(50100C) irregularanhedral crystalsand Baroquereplacementdolomite
Crystalsoftenhavecloudycentersfromimpuritiesinthe crystalsthey'rereplacingandfluidinclusions.
Termsfordescribingreplacement dolomitetextures:
1.Dolomitecrystalsize:unimodal orpolymodal 2.Dolomitecrystalshape:planar,nonplanar,pseudomorphic 3.Degreeofpreservationoforiginalfabric:mimic(fabric preserving)ornonmimic(fabricdestroying) i ) i i (f b i d i ) 4.Whats beenreplacedandhowmuch:grains,matrix,cement; partialorcomplete. 2. 1.
ModelsofDolomitization
Allmodelsmustexplain: SourceofMg2+
Generallyseawaterisassumed,meteoricwatershaveverylow Mgconcentrations(LowMgcalcite) y y g Transformationofsmectite claystoillitic claysduringburial releasesMg2+ Formationwaterbrines highlyvariablemineralogy
Methodofpumpingdolomitizing fluidsthroughporespace
3/11/2008
EvaporativeModel 5GeneralModels
1.Evaporative 2.SeepageReflux 3.Mixingzone 3 Mixing zone 4.Burial 5.Seawater
Supratidal Sabhka ppt.fromhighMg/Cawaters. Mostmodernformingdolomitesofthistype Mgconcentratedthroughevaporation Waterrechargedthrough: 1.periodicflooding,sinksintosediment. 2.tidalpumping 3.intenseevaporationofwaterinthecapillaryzone f causesupwardflowofgroundwater"evaporativepumping". Commonlygetreplacementofaragoniteandassociatedgypsumppt. whichraisestheMg/Caratio. Intenseevaporationofsmallpools,lakes,lagoonsformshighMg/Cabrines thatareverydenseandsinkordescendintothesedimentsandsubsurface. ProposedforCapitanReefComplex lagoonal seds dolomitized,reefnot dolomitized. Hasbeenappliedtomanyimportantcarbonatereservoirs(Ex:Permian Zechstein ,NorthernEngland;CretaceousEdwardsFm,Texas)
MixingZoneModel
Mixingofmarinemeteoricwaters SeawatersuppliestheMgandmixingdilutesthewaterto overcomekineticfactors. Groundwateristhepumpingsystem Producescoarse,rhombicclearsparwithplanar boundariesandcommonlyreplacesaragonite.
BurialModel
ExpulsionofMg2+fromshales duringburial dewateringandfromsubsurfacebrineswith elevatedtemps. Problemmovingfluidsthrough,mostfluids moveupnotlaterallyduringcompaction. Baroquedolomitecommonlyascribedtoburial
SeawaterModel
Mgfromseawater Pumpedthroughseds byoceancurrent pumpingsystem convectioncelldueto differentialtemperaturesofplatforms(warm) versusopenoceanwaters(cold)