Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Electrolytes

    Uploaded by

    Kate Abel
    27 views3 pages
    This document summarizes various fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders including: 1. Hypovolaemia can cause symptoms like thirst, dizziness, and weakness, while hypervolaemia can cause edema. 2. Hyponatraemia can be caused by reduced fluid intake, increased losses, or internal fluid shifts. It is classified as hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic. 3. Hypokalemia commonly has no symptoms but can sometimes cause muscle weakness or cardiac issues. It is often caused by redistribution of potassium, low intake, or high losses.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This document summarizes various fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders including: 1. Hypovolaemia can cause symptoms like thirst, dizziness, and weakness, while hypervolaemia can cause edema. 2. Hyponatraemia can be caused by reduced fluid intake, increased losses, or internal fluid shifts. It is classified as hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic. 3. Hypokalemia commonly has no symptoms but can sometimes cause muscle weakness or cardiac issues. It is often caused by redistribution of potassium, low intake, or high losses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views3 pages

    Electrolytes

    Uploaded by

    Kate Abel
    This document summarizes various fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders including: 1. Hypovolaemia can cause symptoms like thirst, dizziness, and weakness, while hypervolaemia can cause edema. 2. Hyponatraemia can be caused by reduced fluid intake, increased losses, or internal fluid shifts. It is classified as hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic. 3. Hypokalemia commonly has no symptoms but can sometimes cause muscle weakness or cardiac issues. It is often caused by redistribution of potassium, low intake, or high losses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Davidson's

    Saturday,23April2011 2:08PM

    Waterbalance 3L Vascular 10L ECF 30L ICF Investigations U&E Na/K/Cl/Hco3/Cr/Urea . Hypovolaemia Hypervolaemia Symptomsofoedema

    Symptoms Thirst Dizziness Weakness Signs JVP Posturalhypotension Tachycardia Drymouth Skinturgor Urineoutput Weightloss Confusion,stupor

    Centraloedema Peripheraloedema JVP,creps,effusion,ascites,weightgain Sometimeshypertension

    Hyponatraemia/hypovolaemia Reducedintake Increasedloss GIT(vomiting,diarrhoea) Skin(sweating,burns) Renal(diuretic,endocrinedisorders,renaldisorders) Internalsequestration RapidhyponatraemiacancausecerebraloedemaandsymptomssimilartoICP,leadingto consciousstateandcoma Ifchronic,maybeasymptomatic Hyponatraemia Hypovolaemic "depletional" e.g.Renal,diuretic,adrenocortical,GIT,vomiting,diarrhoea,burnsetc Euvolaemia "dilutional" waterintake,infusion,SIAH,hypothyroidism Hypervolaemia(with butrelativelyNa) "retentional" CHF,cirrhosis,nephroticsyndrome Chronicrenalfailure+nowaterrestriction Investigations U&E UrineNaandosmolality dipstick Organspecifictests(cause) Management Dependingoncause

    Nephrology Page 1

    Fluidrestrict ADHantagonists/urea Diuretics ConditionsthatactivateRAA,causeoedema CHF(Vascular) Cirrhoticliverdisease(vascular+protein) Nephroticrenaldisease(proteinloss) Hypernatraemia/hypervolaemia Causes Impairedrenalfunction/thirstsense Primaryhyperaldosteronism Conn'ssyndrome Secondaryhyperaldosteronism CHF,liverdisease,nephroticsyndrome Hypernatraemic Hypovolaemia(relativewaterloss) Renal,diuretics,glycosuria,sweating,colonicdiarrhoea) Euvolaemic Diabetesinsipidus Hypervolaemic(relativesodiumretention) Enteralorparenteralfeeding Chronicrenalfailure Mayhavesymptomsofreducedrenalfunction(dizziness,weakness,confusion,coma) Management Treatcause IVfluid(preventcerebralshrinkage)ifrapidprogression Saltrestriction Diuresis/RAAdrugs Hypokalaemia Clinicalfeatures Generallyasymptomatic Muscular weakness,tiredness Cardiac:STdepression,Uwave Other:GIT,causerenaldamagelongterm Causes 1. Redistributionintocells(alkalosis,insulinexcess,Bagonists) 2. Intake(dietary,IV) 3. Loss Renal BP 1. 2. 3. BP 1. 2. 3. GIT Withalkalosis Vomiting,nasogastricaspiration Withacidosis Hyperaldosteronism(mineralocorticoid) Glucocorticoidacitivity(crossreaction) cushing' Other Withalkalosis(w/diuretics) Withacidosis(renaltubularacidosis,carbonicanhydrasetherapy) Other postobstructive,ATNrecovery,Mgdepletion

    Nephrology Page 2

    Diarrhoea,laxativeetc Investigations U&E,bicarbonate UrineK Ca,Mg Management Treatcause SlowreleaseKCl(POorIVlargevein) Potassiumsparingdiuretic Hyperkalaemia Clinicalfeatures Riskofcardiacdeath>7mmol/L Asymptomatic Muscleweakness Cardiac:peakedTwave(moderate),widenedQRS&lossofPwave(severe) Investigations PlasmaK,HCO3 U&E Causes 1. Redistributionoutofcells(Insulin,Bblockade,Acidosis,severehyperglycaemia) 2. Kintake 3. LossofK Renalcauses Renalfailure ARF espwithacidosis/haemolysis/rhabdomyolysis CRF espwitholiguria/Kload Tubularsecretoryfailure Lowaldosterone Adrenocorticalfailure(addison'sdisease) RAAatanylevel drugcauses Normal/highaldosterone Tubulardefects Tubulointerstitialdisease Drugs(espKsparingdiuretics) Management Calciumgluconate(stabilisecellmembrane) ShiftKintocells Insulin Bagonists IVHCO3 RemoveKfrombody Flurosemide+Nsaline Dialysis ResoniumfromGIT

    Nephrology Page 3

    You might also like