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Chem 321 Chapter 1
Chem 321 Chapter 1
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
COURSE OUTLINE
Instructor:
Office:
Dr. X. Nancy Xu
Email: xhxu@odu.edu
Pre-requisites
Textbook
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th edition, D. Harris, Freeman, 2007.
Reference Book
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Ed. Skoog/West/Holler, Saunders Publishing, 1996
One copy of the book is placed in the reserved desk of the library.
About Textbook
Preface Chapter 1-16 (Chem 321) Summary Questions and Problems Answers to the problems: in the reserved desk in the library Glossary G-1 on the back of the book Chapters heavily associated with Chem 322
Course Website
Class notes, assigned problems and announcements are posted at http://www.odu.edu/sci/xu/chem321/chem321.htm
http://www.odu.edu/sci/xu/chem321/ch em321.htm
Visit this site as frequently as possible, especially before and after every class You will need Acrobat Reader to download large documents
Honor Code
Students registered for CHEM 321 are expected to obey the ODU Honor Code!!!
Attendance
Attendance at class meeting is compulsory. Regular and punctual class attendance is required of all students. If you are absent, you will be responsible for everything covered in class including any handouts (e.g., problem sets, answers, sample tests, etc).
Homework
Assigned homework is mandatory. Working on these assignments in a timely manner is the best way to learn the material and get good grades. I may check your assignments and sample your homework on the due date even though it may not be graded. The brief answers to assigned problems are available in the solution book, which is placed in the reserved desk in the library .
Grading
Average cumulated grade = unit tests (70%) and final exam (30%) 100-93 = A 89-87 = B+ 79-77 = C+ 69-67 = D+ <60 = F 92-90 = A86-83 = B 76-73 = C 66-63 = D 82-80 = B72-70 = C62-60 = D-
Tentative Timeline
Date 01/08 01/10 01/15 01/17, 22 01/24 01/29, 31 02/5, 7 02/12, 14, 19 Chapter 1 3 Topic Homework Measurement 1-12, 17, 22, 28, 31, 32, 34 Experimental Error 3-1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22 Martin Luther King Holiday- No classes 4 Statistics 4-A, E, F, 11, 14, 17, 20 1st Unit Test (Chapter 1, 3, 4) 6 Chemical Equilibrium 6-4, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 30, 37, 47, 48, 53 7 Let the Titrations Begin 7-B, F, 7, 22, 23, 28, 36 8 Activities and Systematic Treatment 8-A, B, C, E, F, G, 2, 4, 11, 12, 18, 20, of Equilibrium 24, 26 02/21 9, 11 Monoprotic Acid-Base Equilibrium 9-B, D, E, 2, 5, 6, 22, 23, 27, 28, 33 02/26 6-9 Recitation and help session 02/28 2nd Unit Test (Chapter 6-9) 03/05-10 Spring Break- No classes 03/12, 14 10, 11 Polyprotic acid-Base Equilibrium 10-A, B, D, 4, 11, 17, 18, 23 03/19, 23 11 Acid-Base Titration 11-A, B, F, 3, 6, 14, 19, 23 03/26,28 12 EDTA Titration 12-C, D, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 24, 34 04/02 3rd Unit Test (Chapter 10-12) 04/04, 09 14 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry 14-B, C, D, 2, 10, 25 04/11,16 15 Electrodes and Potentiometry 15-4, 8, 9, 21, 26 04/18 16 Redox Titration 16-A, 1, 2, 6, 13 04/23 4th Unit Test (Chapter 14-16) 04/30 3:45-6:45 PM Comprehensive Final Examination (Chapter 1-16, except 2, 5 and 13)
We will introduce basic analytical concepts and theories and focus on data analysis and interpretation.
Good-luck to you!!
---Dr. Nancy Xu
--- C. N. Reilley
Classification of Analysis
Qualitative Analysis
determination of chemical identity of the species in the sample.
Quantitative Analysis determination of the amount of species or analytes, in numerical terms. Hence, Math is heavily involved. In order to perform quantitative analysis, typically one needs to complete qualitative analysis. One needs to know what it is and then select the means to determine the amount
Units
SI Units
I. Review of Stoichiometry - please refer to your freshman chemistry text to review this concept. A. Empirical vs molecular or structural formulas: 1. Empirical formulas give information only about the simplest ratio between the different elements composing the molecule. Example: HO, H2CO 2. Molecular formulas give information about the numbers of atoms of each element found in the molecule. Example: H2O2, H4C2O2, C2H5OH, C2H4O2, C3H6O3, C6H12O6 3. Structural formulas give information about the structure of the molecule as well as the numbers of atoms of each element Example: HOOH, (CH3)3COH, CH3CH2OCH2CH3,
B. The Mole (mol): A unit which defines the number of units of a chemical species (molecules, atoms, ions, etc.) and from which we can calculate the weight of the species if we have a knowledge of the chemical formula of that species. Avogadro Number: 6.022 x 1023 particles is one mole.
Example I-1
Calculate molecular weight (molar mass) of CH2O (Formaldehyde) and C6H12O6 (glucose) 1 mole of C = 12.0 g 1 mole of H = 1.0 g 1 mole of O = 16.0 MW of CH2O =12.0 + 2x1.0 + 16.0 =30.0 g/mole
MW of C6H12O6=6x12.0+12x1.0+6x16.0=180.0 g/mole
Example I-2
How many moles and millimoles are contained in 2.00 g of pure benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) (MW = 122.1 g/mol) Moles of benzoic acid =
Solution
Solute: a minor species in a solution
Solvent: a major species in a solution (e.g., water is a solvent for aqueous solution)
Chemical Concentrations
Molar Concentrations: Molarity (M) = solute/solution (mol/L) Molality (m) = solute/solvent (mol/kg) Percent Composition Weight percent Parts per million (ppm) Parts per billion (ppb) Volume percent
Molar Concentration
Molarity
The number of moles of species (x) dissolved in 1 L of solution
Concentration
Analytical Molarity:
The total number moles of a solute (regardless its chemical state) in one liter of solution Example-I-3: 117.0 g of NaCl dissolved in 1.00 L of water has an analytical concentration of _____ mol /L MW of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
Example I-4:
294.0 g of H2SO4 dissolved in 1.00 L of water has an analytical concentration of ____ mol/L MW of H2SO4 = 98.0 g/mol
Mole of H 2SO 4 =
C H 2SO 4 =
Molality
C weight
Density
Density:
Expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI Units: density unit --- g /mL or kg/L Example: Density of water is approximately 1.00 g/mL at 40C. Weight = Volume x density
Practice at Home
Assume density of solution in Examples I-3 and I-4 = 1 g/ml3,
what is the molality of the solution in Examples I-3 and I-4, respectively?
Percent Concentration
mass of solute 1. Weigh percent (w/w) = x100% mass of solution
weight/volume percent (w/v) mass of solute (g) x100% = volume of solution (mL)
Example I-5: What is the w/w % of an aqueous ammonia (NH3) solution at 14.3 M, with density = 0.900 g/mL (900 g/L)? Solute : NH3 1) MW of NH3 = 17.0 (g/mol) 2) Mole of NH3 at 14.3 M in 1.00 L=14.3 (mol/L) x 1.00 L=14.3 mol 3) Weight of NH3 at14.3 M in 1.00 L = Mole of NH3 x MW of NH3 = 14.3 mol x 17.0 (g/mol) = 243 g 4) Weight of 1.00 L solution = volume x density = 1.00 (L) x 900 (g/L) = 900 g
Weigh percent (w/w) = mass of solute mass of solution x100% = 243 900 x100% = 27.0%
Example I-6: What is the molar concentration of an aqueous ammonia (NH3) solution with density = 0.900 g/mL (900 g/L) and 27.0% (w/w)? Solute : NH3 MW of NH3 = 17.0 (g/mol) Weight of NH3 = Mole of NH3 x MW of NH3 =CNH3VNH3 x MW of NH3 Weight of 1.00 L solution = volume x density = 1.00 (L) x 900 (g/L) = 900 g WNH mass of solute 3 Weigh percent (w/w) = x100% = x100% = 27.0% mass of solution 900 W NH3 = CNH3VNH3 x MW of NH3 = 243 g CNH3 = 14.3 mol/L = 14.3 M
Example I-7: What is the v/v% of ethanol in a solution prepared by mixing 5.00 mLof ethanol with enough water to give 1.00 L of solution? Solute: ethanol 1) 2) 3) Volume of solute (ethanol) = 5.00 mL = 5.00 x10-3 L Volume of solution = 1.00 L
volume of solute Volume percent (v/v) = x100% volume of solution 3 5.00 x10 L = x100% = 0.500% 1.00L
C pph
mass of solute (w/w) = x 10 2 pph mass of solution mass of solute (w/w) = x 103 ppt mass of solution
C ppt
C ppt
Stoichiometric Calculations
II. Stoichiometric Calculations: stoichiometric calculations are based on the combining ratios of reactants which result in specific products . They are expressed in terms of moles. when you are given the mass of a reactant or product, you should first convert the mass to moles to determine the amount of reactant that will be consumed or product that will be produced for a given reaction. If the final answer is to be given in a mass unit, then the moles must be converted to grams.
Example I-8 (a) What mass of AgNO3 (MW= 169.9 g/mol) is needed to Convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3 (MW=106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3 ? Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq)
1 mol 2 mol
2.33 106.0
W 169.9
AgNO3
AgNO3
Example I-9 (b) What mass of Ag2CO3 (MW= 275.7 g/mol) will be formed? Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq)
1 mol
2.33 106.0
W 275.7
Ag 2 CO 3
Ag 2 CO 3
Preparation of Solution
Solute Solvent Total Solution
Example I-10: To prepare a solution with 0.500 M of Cl- from BaCl2 2H2O. How much of the BaCl2 2H2O must be used to prepare 1.00 liter of solution? Assume BaCl2 completely dissociates: BaCl2 -----> Ba+2 + 2 Cl1 mole 2 mole x mole 0.500 (mol/L) x 1.00 (L)
Volumetric Calculations
Dilution
the number of moles are the same in dilute and concentrated solutions!
Example I-11: An aliquot of a HCL solution (1.00 M) has been diluted with three equal aliquots of H2O to prepare 1:4 aq HCl. In other words, the HCl has been diluted fourfold. The dilute concentration of the HCl is:
1 = 1.00 x = 0.25(M) 4
Example I-12:
How many L of a 50 mol /L solution are required to make 200 mL of a 1 mol L-1 solution? moles = CconcentratedVconcentrated = CdiluteVdilute
50 (mol /L) * Vconc. = 1 (mol/L) * 0.200 L Vconc. (L) = (1 M * 0.200 L) / 50 M = 0.004 (L)
Summary
Course Overview: Classification of Analysis : Units: Molecular Weight:
Homework
Chapter-1: 1-12, 17, 22, 28, 31, 32, 34
Any Questions???
The End!