What

is Forest Entomology

Branch of zoology that deals with the study of forest insects It is an organized study to obtain knowledge of all phases of insect life and to understand insects role in nature.

The Insecta (insects) are a Class of the large animal Phylum called ARTHROPODA (arthropods) - a name that refers to the jointed limbs. Term insect came from greek word insecare which means to cut into
MAIN BODY REGIONS two - cephalothorax* and abdomen (some with head and trunk) two - head and trunk PAIRS OF LEGS five or more PAIRS OF ANTENNAE two WINGS Absent

CLASS CRUSTACEA

MYRIAPODA

ARACHNIDA

two - cephalothorax* and abdomen three - head, thorax and abdomen

many - one or two per trunk segment four

one

Absent

INSECTA

three

none (though palps Absent may resemble antennae or legs) one usually present (but many wingless forms

 based

on numbers and biomass insects are dubbed as the most successful animals on earth. Considered as conquerors of the land.
Attributed by: 1. Body architecture integument that is light and strong

Shells (cuticle) helps prevent water loss. jointed appendages, adapted into legs for locomotion, mouthparts for feeding, structures of reproduction and other uses.

Small size facilitates dispersal, escape from birds and other predators and enables them to use food present only in small amounts. Ability to fly aids further in escaping and in dispersal. This dispersal promotes colonization of new habitats, which in turn promotes the evolution of new species. Reproductive capacity ability to persist even in unfavorable environments. ability to lay large numbers of eggs, combined with relatively short generation time, produces a great amount of genetic of genetic variability that can be tested against the environment. The result is rapid adaptation of populations to changing environmental conditions and formation of new species Survivability-------

Subclass PTERYGOTA 1. Division EXOPTERYGOTA These are winged insects, although some have lost their wings during the course of Sub class evolution.When present, the wings APTERYGOTA develop externally and there is no marked These are wingless change (metamorphosis) during the life insects and their cycle. The young stages, called nymphs, body structure resemble the adults except in size and in suggests that they lacking fully-developed wings - simply have never had wings metamorphosis. during their 2. Division EXOPTERYGOTA evolutionary history. These are winged insects, although some Young stages have lost their wings during the course of resemble the adults evolution.When present, the wings little or no develop externally and there is no marked metamorphosis. change (metamorphosis) during the life cycle. The young stages, called nymphs, resemble the adults except in size and in lacking fully-developed wings - simply metamorphosis.

The insect body is composed of three divisions: a. head b. thorax c. abdomen

Tagmosis The grouping of segments into functional regions Cranium- the hardened capsule with an opening leading to the mouth and thorax.

1. Head is a structure specialized for feeding and for sensing and integrating information about the environment. -Made up of cranium which bears mouthparts, antennae and eyes, and a short neck called cervix.

1. hypognathus. mouthparts pointed down, 2. prognathus mouthparts pointed forward, 3. opisthognathusmouthparts pointed backward

chewing mouthpartsgrasshoppers ( jaws called mandibles) piercing-sucking mouthparts cicadas, aphids, mosquitoes siphoning butterflies and moths. a long proboscis (tubular tounge) composed of maxillary elements forms a tube through which a food passes. the tube is held in coiled spring when not in use. Sponging/lapping mouthpartshouseflies (spongy pad called labellum)

These are movable and contain sensory structures that allow insects to detect odors, vibrations and other environmental stimuli. The antenna is divided into 3 parts: 1. scape the basal segment that articulates with the head capsule 2. Pedicel the second antennal segment 3. Flagellum tip usually of several subsegments.

 Filiform

(threadlike) Serrate (sawlike) Moniliform (beadlike) Clavate (club-shaped) capitate (head-shaped) lamellate (platelike) pectinate (comb-shaped) plumose (feather like

 An

insects head is typically dominated by two bulging compund eyes that are divided into many six-sided compartments called ommatidia, and a dorsally positioned simple eyes called ocelli.

 thorax

consists of three segments

the prothorax (front), the mesothorax (middle) and the metathorax (back). Each of these segments bears a pair of jointed legs.

 comprising

of five segments.
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus.

 Cursorial

adapted for running ex. Ground beetles and cockroaches Raptatorial adapted for catching and holding a prey ex. Preying mantis Natatorial adapted for swimming ex. Diving bugs and water beetles Fossorial adapted for digging in soil- mole crickets Saltatorial adapted for jumpinggrasshoppers

most insects have two pairs called front and hind, except flies and a few other groups, which have only one pair. CAN BE HARD OR SOFT In flies each methathoracic wing has been modified to form a knobbed guiding organ called a haltere.

Elytra Hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind wings. Ex. Coleopteran and dermaptera. Hemelytra front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the base and membranous near the tip. Ex. Hemiptera, heteroptera Tegmina front wings that are completely leathery or parchment like in texture. Ex. Othopthera, blattodea and mantodea Halteres small, club-like hind wings that serves as gyroscopic stabilizers during flight ex. Diptera. Fringed wings slender front and hind wings with long fringes of hair. Ex. Thysanoptera Hairy wings front and hind wings covered with flattened setae (scales) ex. Lepidoptera Hamuli Tiny hooks on hind wing that hold front and hind wings together.

Least modified of the body regions may have as many as 11 segments. Male cicadas have appendages called timbals on their abdomen used for sound production Abdominal Appendages of Adult Insects

The abdomen is made up of several, more or less similar segments and often bears a pair of jointed, terminal appendages called the cercus.

Cercus(pl. cerci)

 Phytophagous

zoophagous
saprophagous

 Life

cycle Involves: 1. Reproduction and embryonic development 2. Postembryonic growth and development 3. Maturity.

 Female

genitalia is called ovipositor. parthenogenesis- capable of giving birth to viable offfspring with-out ouside donation of sperms. Aphids (homoptera) Paedogenesis which refers to reproduction by the juvenile form, common to insect with very short life cycle.

 Egg

hatching

The hatching process often begins when the embryo in the egg swallows fluid or air. Then the embryo must rupture the egg covering to escape. Ruptures may be caused when the insect produces rhythmic muscular activity and presses or strike against the covering with its head.

eclosion.

Refers to the act of leaving an egg or pupa or emergence of a morph.

 Eggs

are laid to where larva can be assured of food E.x, dung, water A fly can lay a thousand egg in a week

 scientific

term for the young of any insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis in the course of development into adults Most nutritious/voracious stage of an insect

Grubs- beetles catterpillar-lepidoptera Maggots- flies

Nymph-

young that resembles the adult stage Naiad- aquatic nymph

Apoduos-legless, often maggotlike larvae Campodeiform- elongated, dorsoventrally flattened larvae with well develop antennae and thoracic legs Eruciform - often caterpillarlike larvae with a more-or-less cylindrical body, welldeveloped thoracic legs and hump-like (or more obvious) false legs (prolegs or pseudopods) on the abdomen; Scarabaeiform- larvae with a thick, fleshy (often c-shaped) body well developed heads and thoracic legs but no abdominal pro-legs

 Non-feeding

largely immobile stage. The pupal stage of butterfly and moth is known as Chrysalis. The protective case for a pupa is called a cocoon which is made up of silk.

Types of: a. Exarate b. obtect

 Oviparity

- In most insects, life begins as an independent egg. This type of reproduction is known as oviparity. Embryogenesis is the developmental process that usually begins once the egg has been fertilized. It involves multiplication of cells (by mitosis) and their subsequent growth, movement, and differentiation into all tissues and organs of a living insect.

 MORPHOGENESIS

Collectively, all changes that involve growth, molting, and maturation

METAMORPHOSIS

The marked change in appearance or character Dependent to the nature of insects life cycle. Each time an insects molts, it gets a little larger. It may also change physically in other ways depending on its type of metamorphosis: ametabola, hemimetabola holometabola.

Ametabola- youngs are physically similar to adults. Hemimetabolayoungs are called nymphs and if aquatic, naiads. (grasshopper) Holometabola- clear distinction exists between stages. Complete metamorphosis

 diurnal

insects are active during daylight hours nocturnal insect are active at night Crepuscular insect are active at dawn and dusk

Matinal behavior occurs only near dawn Vespertine behavior occurs only near dusk

1. Coptotermis sp.- causes damage by eating the root system of A. mangium saplings as recorded in Indonesia 2. Zeuzera coffeae- a moth (caterpillar) commonly known as red borer reportedly attacks Ochroma pyramidale. 3. Xystrocera festiva- a coleopteran species damaging Falcata that lay eggs on bark fissures and larvae initially feed underneath the bark . 4. Hypsipyla robusta- a lepidopteran shoot-borer. Its larvae bore into the growing shoot and destroyd the terminal bud.

 Hyblaea

puera- commonly known as teak defoliator Eutectona machaerales- commonly known as skelelonizer that attacks teak. This lepidopteran feeds on leaves leaving major veins intact Prionoxytus sp.- a moth, larva bores into the stem of saplings, feeds within and weakens the tree.

Varicose borer Agrilus spp. Bagras Bark beetle engraver Ips calligraphus Bagras Pine shoot moth Dioryctria rubella Benguet Pine and Caribbean Pine Tip moth Petrova cristata Benguet Pine and Caribbean Pine Jumping lice( Psyllids ) Heteropsylla cubana Ipil-ipil

A Holistic approach in Insect and Pest Management: - Meets the objective of Forest Entomology.

Yes to IPM!

 Cultural
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

factors approach Diversity Nutrition Pruning Cultivars Location Alternate hosts

 Biological
1. 2. 3.

factors Natural enemies Beneficial insects Natural chemicals

 Chemical

control- use of selective chemicals must be practice. Timing of sprays Application techniques