POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON

PRINCIPLE OF

POTENTIOMETER

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DEFINATION OF EMF:The amount of work done in taking a unit positive charge throughout the circuit including the cell is known as emf of the cell.
The expression to measure the Emf is:-

UNIT = VOLT

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MEASUREMENT OF EMF:-

(1) BY USING VOLTMETER:Reading of the voltmeter =

OR

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EXPLANATION WITH EXAMPLE:If E = 2 volt [say] & r = 10 [1] If R = 10 V = 1 volt

[2] If R = 100 V = 1.81 volt

[3] If R = 1000 Higher the Resistance of V = 1.98 volt Voltmeter More Accurate It Will Measure the Emf of the Cell.
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CONCLUSION :-

MEASUREMENT OF EMF BY POTENTIOMETER:PRINCIPLE:The fall in potential across a part of a wire is directly proportional to the length of that part provided the wire has uniform cross- sectional area and constant current is passed through it.

E l E=kl
Where k Is Potential Gradient.

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EXPLAINATION :Let us study the potential drop on wire AB due to battery of emf E V = [E/L ] l OR V = k l Where k is potential Gradient OR V l

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It means that potential drop on wire AB is directly proportional to length. This variation of potential can be shown as below: The arrow shows V the variation in potential with respect to length.

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The cell whose emf is to be measured is connected as shown :A battery of emf E is connected between the end terminals A and B of potentiometer wire with rheostat Rh and ammeter A connected with the potentiometer wire. A cell of emf E1 is connected to the circuit as shown.
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The analogous circuit diagram is shown as below:

Depending on the value of l V changes .

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(i)

If V > E1
V dominate hence the direction of current will be towards righthand side.

GALVANOMETER
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(ii)

If V < E1
E1 dominate hence the direction of current will be towards left hand side

GALVANOMETER
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(ii)

If V = E1
In this case there will be no deflection in the Galvanometer

GALVANOMETER
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Now if we know the value of V at length l at NO deflection condition. Then V=kl V = E1 So Or E1 = k l E1 l

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APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETER

TO COMPARE THE EMF OF TWO CELLS.

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TO COMPARE THE EMF OF TWO CELLS

The position of jockey is adjusted at different points of the wire and a point J is found so that the galvanometer does not show any deflection on pressing the jockey there.
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The length is noted as AJ (=l1) of the wire. Now , the galvanometer is showing no deflection, therefore, there is no current in the arm AE1J . It implies that the potential of positive terminal of cell = potential of the point A, and the potential of negative terminal of cell = potential of of the point J.Thus the emf of the cell (E1) is equal to the potential difference between the points A and J of the potentiometer wire.
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E1 = Kl1-------(1)
K being the Potential Gradient across the wire.
Now remove the plug from the gap between 1 and 3 and insert in the gap between 2 and 3 of the two-way key. Again find the position of jockey on potentiometer wire, where galvanometer shows zero deflection. Let if be J1 Note the length of the wire E2 = Kl2------(2) Dividing equation (I) by equation (ii) we have
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E 1 l1 E2 l2
*************************************
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Q: Why do we prefer a potentiometer with large wire?

Ans: For a long wire potentiometer the fall of potential per unit length is small, which increase the sensitivity of instrument. Hence even a small potential can be measured.

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Q: The circuit shows the use of potentiometer to measure the internal resistance of cell. (i) When key is open how does the balance point changes, if the current from the driver cell decreases?

(ii) When key is closed, how does the the balance point obtain if R is increased, keeping the current from the driver cell constant
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ANSWER:(i) When current from driver cell decrease, then potential gradient also decrease and hence the balance point obtain on larger length of wire. (ii) If R is increased then I from E1 also decreases, with this the balance point also shifted to larger length.
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THANKS

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