Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solid Waste Manage Men 1
Solid Waste Manage Men 1
Menuka Wijayananda
Practical Action 4/21/2012
Contents
01. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 02. ISSUS OF SOLIDWASTE .................................................................................................. 3 01-Sheer Quantity of Waste Produced ............................................................................... 3 02- Change in characteristics of the waste generated ........................................................ 3 03. CONCEPT OF WASTE TO ENERGY ............................................................................... 7 03.1Benefits ........................................................................................................................... 7 03.2 Different proven technologies........................................................................................ 7 03.3 Why not in Sri Lanka? ................................................................................................... 8 4 WASTE GENERATED BY THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ..................................... 8 4.1 Types of Waste Generated by the Construction Industry ................................................ 8 Process waste ..................................................................................................................... 8 Demolition waste ............................................................................................................... 8 05. TYPE OF WASTE ............................................................................................................... 9 05.1 Natural waste ................................................................................................................. 9 05.2 Reuse and Recycle of C & D Materials ......................................................................... 9 05.3 BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................ 10 TrimCosts......................................................................................................................... 10 Establish a Market Advantage. ........................................................................................ 10 Create Environmental Benefits ........................................................................................ 10 Help the Economy............................................................................................................ 10 Assist Charitable Organization ........................................................................................ 10 05.4 How to Reduce Construction Waste ............................................................................ 11 1. Construction Material Management ............................................................................ 11 2. The demolition plan ..................................................................................................... 11 3. Reuse/Recycling Plan .................................................................................................. 11 4. Disposal Plan ............................................................................................................... 12 06. ROLE OF PROVINCIAL COUNCILS IN MANAGING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE .................................................................................................................................................. 12 07. SEVEN WASTE MANAGEMENT STEPS ..................................................................... 13
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Even coconut residue either had uses like for floor cleaning or could be sold after sun drying, as a raw material for oil production. Almost everyone had a small plot of land, where you could have a small pit for the garden waste and any other stuff that needed to be thrown away and since most of it was biodegradable, the pit seemed to last forever. As far as I know, the solid waste collection and disposal was only happening in the few Municipal Councils, and the simple lifestyle of the majority of the people resulted in quite manageable quantities to be collected, and incineration was practiced - perhaps not the best choice of technology even those days when oil prices were not high but we did not see heaps of garbage lying around. So basically, we were living by the 3-R principle, without calling it that. A fine example of this is found in the Buddhist teachings, Vinaya Pitakaya, where I understand that the Buddhist priests have been advised to reuse the good parts of the robes as undergarments when they were too old to be worn as outer wear, and then used as bed linen, and then as towels or napkins, door mats and finally when it is no longer useable as a cloth, to mix it with clay and use as a filler material for the walls. Unfortunately, that era is now gone, and we in Sri Lanka have got caught up in the Winds of Change, and have become a throwaway society in a big way. Our opportunities for reuse are masked by the availability of so many consumer items, so that the temptation is to purchase something new rather than reuse an old thing as a substitute. Mostly due to lack of storage space, we prefer to throw away things regardless of the possibility of reuse, and purchase again when we need it next time. This is apparent when we look at the solid waste generation statistics in the recent past. The average per capita solid waste generation is reported as 0.4 kg/person-day, which is higher than India, but still lower than the more developed countries like China, Malaysia, Singapore and the western countries. This figure shows the situation of solid waste generation as it stood in several Asian countries as reported in a study carried out in 2004 led by the AIT, Bangkok.
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Health issues due to the breeding of stray cats, dogs, rats and other vermin, mosquitoes
Effects on wild animals that are attracted to these waste dumps, like deer, bandicoots, and even elephants, which may cause death (due to suffocation or consumption of plastics and toxic substances) as well as whose feeding habits change causing changes to their immune systems and other vital processes that may even lead to irreversible changes.
Air pollution due to the anaerobic degradation of the biodegradable portion resulting in emission of air pollutants like methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and other offensive gases
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Surface and ground water pollution from the leachate that seeps through the ground or is washed off with the surface runoff during wet weather.
Increasein Global Warming potential due to the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide. The contribution to the greenhouse gas budget of Sri Lanka associated with the methane released into the atmosphere from MSW open dumps has been found to be significant. So why have we allowed our environment to be so degraded by solid waste, and let the solid waste management issues reach such huge proportions? 01 Is it ignorance of the consequencesz I dont think so. Perhaps some of the consequences like contribution to global warming and ground and surface water pollution due to leachate may not be obvious, and needed research and access to information beyond the common mans reach, But the aesthetic effects are so obvious that any person should be able to see the effects 02. Is it lack of technology? There are high tech solutions, but there are many low tech solutions too, particularly to manage at the source, so that only the portion that we really cannot handle at source is collected for disposal. 03. Lack of Policies, Laws, and Standards? Major role of Pilisaru, it is also empowered to take legal action against those local Authorities that are not managing their solid waste properly. Thus we can see that lack of policies or legal provisions cannot be cited as a major barrier for a clean and healthy environment free from garbage dumps. 04. Lack of Funding? 21-04-2012 Page 5
Yes, lack of funding is a factor, because the legal responsibility of solid waste management is with the local Authorities and the Provincial Councils, which are not profit making organizations. Most of the local Authorities pay more attention to the improvement of physical infrastructure coming within their purview, and their concern toward SWM issue is low and the amount of resources utilized for SWM is relatively low. 05. Attitude? However, I think the main reason behind the poor state of affairs with regard to our Solid Waste Management is our attitude. We are so used to not taking responsibility for the waste that we produce, that it is very easy to blame the Local Authorities for not doing their job, and absolve ourselves from the blame. If we stop for a moment to think who is actually responsible, any reasonable person would realize that we, who produce the waste, should be held responsible for safe disposal of it too. True enough, we are paying taxes and the local authorities are expected to provide services, but when it comes to resource wastage, how much can money compensate? All these heaps and mountains of garbage contain so much of resources that should not have gone there in the first place. This is what we should be thinking about. Not throwing good stuff away and then trying to recover some resources from it, but not throwing it away at all. 06.How can we change this? Ideally, if we could go back to the lifestyle that we had 50 years ago, we would be undoubtedly much better as far as sustainability goes. However, that is unlikely to happen; but we can still keep our hopes for a better future, because the younger generation seem to be more conscious about the diminishing resources than ours. If we can even at this late stage provide them with the right kind of platform, we may be able to redeem our losses, at least to a certain extent. Most of us are familiar with the hierarchy of actions in Solid Waste Management. o o o o o o Avoid Do you really need it? Reduce How much is enough? Reuse Can it be used for another purpose? Recover At least some parts, metals, chemicals Recycle Dont waste your waste convert to usable products or energy Dispose safely
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03.1Benefits
Solution for ever increasing demand of fossil fuel by making use of other raw materials Greenhouse gas free emissions with less burden on climatic change Sustainable solution for our own garbage management Electricity generation for grid connection
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cepted on site and those used properly as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials and those transferred elsewhere. Demolition waste -The waste generated in dismantling of buildings or infrastructure and
which are consisting of high percentage of granular hard materials. The demolition waste can be biodegradable (subject to decomposition by micro-organisms: wood) and nonbiodegradable (Heavy metal) wastes.
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Establish a Market Advantage. A companys experience in waste prevention and recycling is a valuable marketing tool for bidding on projects in response to customer interest in Construction Waste Management. Efforts to prevent waste, to recycle, and to use recycled-content materials on a project can help the project team earn points towards qualifying for LEED and other local and national programs Create Environmental Benefits Environmental benefits also result from recycling and waste prevention programs. In the long run, preventing waste reduces dependence on natural resources such as trees, oil, and minerals plus creates less pollution by reducing manufacturing and transportation related emissions. Reduction of the energy and water required to produce building supplies from virgin materials contributes to reduced greenhouse gasses related to the manufacturing and transportation of those materials. Help the Economy. Recycling and reuse of construction waste can also help the economy through the creation of jobs related to salvaging and recycling of construction waste. New products create jobs through the manufacture of recycled content materials. Assist Charitable Organization Organizations such as Habitat for Humanity can use surplus building materials. Pick-up of materials at the project site can sometimes be arranged.
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2. The demolition plan Assess dust control and implement it! Negative pressure needed? Inventory of what will be demolished Plan - where will the material go? Estimate the amount of material -helps conserve dump yards DO NOT MIX THE MATERIAL INERT VS. HAZARDOUS
3. Reuse/Recycling Plan 1. Identify recyclable materials & Identify Hazardous Waste Considerations 2. Determine the costs/savings of recycling 3. Develop a site-specific waste management plan and include it in the contract documents. 4. Implement the waste management plan and train all contractors and employees. 5. Monitor and encourage the participation of contractors and employees. 6. Balance cut and fills in site 7. Reuse items such as hoardings, formworks, scaffoldings and trench support 8. Reuse debris, rubble, sand, rock, concrete, tile and brick for backfilling 9. Recycle the following materials: paper, paperboard, packaging material, plastics, timber, metals, concrete, rocks & sand. 21-04-2012 Page 11
4. Disposal Plan 1. Evaluate the composition and estimate the volume of solid wastes that will be generated 2. Determine the re-use/recycle potential and implement it Evaluate disposal options available 3. Match disposal options to volume and composition of wastes considering economy, environmental protection, and resource depletion 4. Reuse public fill for filling areas for reclamation 5. Dispose of non-recyclable C & D waste at landfills
Coordinate with line ministries, donor agencies to obtain maximum supports, etc.