EVOLUTION OF SEISMIC DESIGN BASIS FOR INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Prabir C. Basu
AERB, India
Evolution of seismic design basis for Indian nuclear power plants

Outline
Introduction Evolution of seismic design basis Design basis for seismic re-evaluation Design basis for future reactors Concluding remarks

Evolution of seismic design basis for Indian nuclear power plants

Introduction

NPP program commenced in India in 1969 with commissioning of TAPP-1&2 (BWR) at Tarapur. Subsequently NPPs (PHWR) were designed (indigenously), constructed commissioned and being operated. Status of engineering of new generation power reactors
VVER 1000: finishing stage of construction PFBR 500: Advanced stage of construction, PHWR 700: advanced design stage

NPP locations in India

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Evolution of seismic design basis

60% of the land area in India is considered susceptible to earthquake shaking of intensity VII and above. Three distinct stages from a regulatory perspective
1. Pre-regulatory stage 2. Incipient regulatory stage 3. Present stage 4. New stage for future generation of NPP

The regulatory authority, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), was formed in 1983. Regulatory practices of seismic safety, have undergone continuous evolution and improvement over the years.
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Evolution of seismic design basis

Pre-regulatory stage

This stage covers the NPPs designed / constructed / commissioned before the formation of AERB. The seismic design basis for the reactors in this stage generally followed Indian Standard (IS) codes of industrial units. NPPs of this stage are,
TAPS1&2 (BWR), Tarapur. Seismic loading was determined following IS875 1957. All structures and mechanical components of the station and buildings be designed to resist a horizontal force equivalent to 0.10 times the gravity load.
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Evolution of seismic design basis Pre-regulatory stage

RAPS 1&2 (PHWRs), Kota According to IS875 1057 the site was not prone to seismic activity as it fell in geologic zone I. and not prone to seismic activity. Severe earthquakes of Kutch (1894) and Bihar (1934) were felt here. These earthquakes were estimated to generate horizontal acceleration of 0.4g. Considering this the NPP was designed for horizontal load up to 0.05 times gravity load. MAPS 1&2 (PHWRs), Kalpakkam The site falls in the In zoneI of IS1893 1966. A few temmor occurred in areas at about 25 Km away from the site in past.Taking this into account the containment building was designed for a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.1g and remaining plant structures for 0.05g.
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Evolution of seismic design basis

Incipient regulatory stage

This stage covers NPP commissioned after formation of AERB but designed and constructed prior to AERB. During this stage, AERB siting code AERB/SC/S and safety guide on determination of DBGM parameters AERB/SG/S11 were prepared and published. SSE or SL-2 level and OBE or SL-1 level were considered. DBGM parameters were derived following similar approach of IAEA / USNRC. NAPS 1&2 (PHWR), Narora
Horizontal PGA: 0.3g for SSE and 0.15g for OBE

KAPS 1&2 (PHWR), Kakrapar

Horizontal PGA: 0.2g for SSE and 0.1g for OBE
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Evolution of seismic design basis

Present stage

AERB published Code of Practice on Safety of Nuclear Power Plant Siting, AERB/SC/S in 1990, and Safety Guide on Seismic Studies and Derivation of Design Basis Ground Motion Parameters, AERB/SG/S-11. These two regulatory documents are the requirements and guidelines for derivation of DBGM parameters of present stage. The regulation specifies rejection criteria,
Active fault within 5km radius Potential of liquefaction, slope instability, ground failure/subsidence if there is no engineering solution.
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Evolution of seismic design basis Present stage

It specifies DBGM in terms of following

PGA Response spectral shape Spectrum compatible time history

It provides guidelines on methodology for conducting seismo-tectonic investigations, deriving the seismic design basis and also to checking the suitability of the site from seismic safety consideration. Guidelines are based on geological and seismological investigations in four scales, regional (300 km radius), intermediate range (50km radius), local (5km radius) and site area (within plant boundary), and MEQ data.
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Evolution of seismic design basis Present stage

PGA values of different sites

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Evolution of seismic design basis Seismic re-evaluation of existing NPP

Derivation of new seismic DBGM parameters of sites following present regulation for new plant calls for seismic reevaluation of existing NPP, if any co-located. Exercise of seismic re-evaluation of old NPPs with the new seismic design basis has been initiated PSHA approach was adopted to derive review basis parameters (uniform hazard spectrum) for seismic reevaluation of fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam.

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Design basis for future NPPs

Work for revision of AERB/SG/S11 has been initiated for the sites of new reactors of advanced generation. Guiding factors of the revision are,
Experience gained over the years on seismic safety of NPP.,. New information/data and advancement on earthquake engineering Special requirements of new reactors.

Safety assessment of reactors are gradually becoming more PSA centric, which invariably results in derivation of DBGM parameters of new reactors by probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). This is in addition to the inherent rationality of the method.
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Design basis for future NPPs Niigataken Chuetsu oki (NCO) earthquake induced acceleration about three time the design basis at the Kashwazaki Kariwa NPP (KK-NPP) site. This raised a probable issue how to deal with the beyond design basis earthquakes (BDBEq) in new reactors as well as the existing one.

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Design basis for future NPPs PSHA Data/information on strong motion earthquake, seismotectonic status and site-specific attenuation relation of the region are requirements for a robust PSHA Peninsular India, where most of the Indian nuclear facilities are located poses unique. challenges in application of PSHA due to
Sparse data, Lack of information on seismotectonic characteristics, and Non-availability of regional specific attenuation relationships.

This calls for innovative approach to conduct PSHA of the sites in this region.
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Design basis for future NPPs PSHA The approach fro PSHA analysis of these sites should have following characteristics
It is amenable to accommodate all advancement of PSHA tools like attenuation relation ship At the same time can take care of uncertainties arising out of data inadequacy.

PSHA aided by sensitivity study of input and technique to determine parameters along with logic tree could be an useful approach.

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Design basis for future NPPs PSHA

B Value B value-range Rate Apportionment Mmax Focal Depth Attenuation relation Atkinson, 0.1 Mmax (max) 0.125 Mmax (mean) 0.75 Mmax (min) 0.125 Same b value, 0.5 Mmax (max) 0.125 Mmax (mean) 0.75 Mmax (min) 0.125 10 km, 0.25 20 km, 0.5 30 km, 0.15 Mixed, 0.1 10 km, 0.25 20 km, 0.5 30 km, 0.15 Mixed, 0.1 Abramson, 0.25 Boore, 0.25 Campbell, 0.15 50%, 0.2 Sadigh, 0.25 25%, 0.3 Added dispersion

0%, 0.5

Mean-1 0.125 Actual data 0.9 Mean 0.75 Mean+1 0.125

Prop. Energy, 0.5

Atkinson, 0.1 0%, 0.5 Abramson, 0.25 Boore, 0.25 Campbell, 0.15 50%, 0.2 Sadigh, 0.25 25%, 0.3

Mean-1 0.125 GSHAP 0.1 Mean 0.75

Prop. Energy, 0.5

Mean+1 Same b value, 0.125 0.5 Evolution of seismic design basis for Indian nuclear power plants

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Design basis for future NPPs PSHA

1.00

Spectral Acceleration, 'g'

UHS

0.10

0.01 0.0100

0.1000 Period, Sec

1.0000

10.0000

Uniform hazard spectra generated for Kalpakkam site, (Damping = 5%).

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Design basis for future NPPs Beyond Design basis earthquake (BDBEq) Work on BDBA gained momentum after occurrence of accidents in three mile island and Chernobyl. New generation NPPs have provisions to address BDBA scenarios What provisions should be kept for beyond design basis earthquakes, BDBEq? Isuues are
How to define BDBEq? Approach of management of BDBEq. Will it follow similar one of BDBA? Regulatory guidelines

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Design basis for future NPPs Beyond Design basis earthquake Factors to be considered to deal BDBEq:
Definition of BDBEq Evaluation of ground motion Behavior of plant Design/evaluation of plant and/or retrofitting Operating practices Seismic safety culture

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nk ha T u yo
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Evolution of seismic design basis Present stage

1. PHWRs at Kaiga, Karnataka (KGS 1 to 4) 2. PHWRs at Rawtbhata near Kota, Rajasthan (RAPS 3 to 6) 3. PHWR at Tarapur, Maharashtra (TAPP 3&4) 4. Prototype fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu (PFBR) 5. Russian VVERs under construction at Kudankulam, Tamilnadu, (KK-1&2)

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Design basis for future NPPs (BDBEq) Design basis earthquake, SSE, is generally derived for an annual frequency of occurrence of 10-4. For BDBEq, the frequency of occurrence would be smaller than SSE. Contribution of seismic induced CDF to total CDF play an important role

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