1. Experimental research is the only type of research that enables researchers to make conclusions about A) group differences.

B) the change of variables over time. C) relationships among variables. D) cause and effect. 2. A characteristic that distinguishes true experiments from weaker experimental designs is that true experiments include A) random assignment. B) matching. C) repeated measurements of the dependent variable. D) random sampling. 3. Subjects in a study who receive experimental treatment
Answer: Experimental Group

4. Subjects in an experiment who do NOT receive experimental treatment Answer: Control Group - Control: term used with random sampling methods - Comparison: term used with NON random methods
5. The variable that is controlled and manipulated by the researcher so that its effect on the dependent variable may be studied; symbolized by the letter x Answer: Independent variable. 6. The variable that is observed for changes during the investigation; symbolized by the letter y. Answer: Dependent variable
40. A type of research in which researcher controls the independent variables and the subjects are randomly assigned to different conditions

Experimental Research 8. Reorder the following to make Steps to research

1) Introduction 2) Review of literature 3) Research questions/hypothesis 4) Methods 5) Results 6) Discussion 7) Conclusion

1. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the ______ variable, and measures the changes in the _______ variable. a. population, sample b. sample, population c. independent, dependent d. dependent, independent 9. The independent variable in this study is a. whether participants volunteered b. the number of errors made

c. the number of items correctly entered d. whether they were alone or not

10. The dependent variable in the study is: a. whether participants volunteered b. the number of errors made c. the number of items correctly entered d. whether they were alone or not

I. Types of Experiments 1. Which of the following characteristics belong to True - Experiment? Pre and post test, experimental group, control group, random asignment of subject, no random of subject. 2. Which of the following characteristics belong to Quasi- Experiment? Pre and post test, experimental group, control group, random asignment of subject, no random of subject. 3. Which of the following characteristics belong to Pre- Experiment? Pre and post test, experimental group, control group, random asignment of subject, no random of subject. II. Stastical concepts. What do these symbol stand for? 1. X 2. SD 3. SE Answer: X: mean SD: Standard deviation SE: Standard error III. Variables
1. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the ______ variable, and measures the changes in the _______ variable. a. population, sample b. sample, population c. independent, dependent d. dependent, independent

2. A/an..variable is a factor that is manipulated in an experiment. A. Dependent B. independent C. Confounding 3. A/an variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. A. Dependent B. independent C. Confounding 3. variables are variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.

A. Dependent B. independent C. Confounding

Independent and Dependent Variables An independent variable is a factor that is manipulated in an experiment. The experimenter controls whether or not subjects are exposed to the independent variable. The dependent variable is measured to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable had any effect. For example, to test a hypothesis that eating carrots improves vision, the experimenter would manipulate whether or not subjects ate carrots. Thus, eating carrots is the independent variable. Each subjects vision would be tested to see if carrot eating had any effect. Thus, vision is the dependent variable. The subjects assigned to eat carrots are in the experimental group, whereas subjects not eating carrots are in the control group. Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, experimental and control groups in the following studies. (The answers are at the end of the page scroll down to find them.)
1. A group of college students were given a short course in speed-reading. The instructor was curious if a monetary incentive would influence performance on a reading test taken at the end of the course. Half the students were offered $5 for obtaining a certain level of performance on the test, the other half were not offered money. Independent variable: Dependent variable: Experimental group: Control group:

2. A social psychologist thinks that people are more likely to conform to a large crowd than to a single person. To test this hypothesis, the social psychologist had either one person or five persons stand on a busy walking path on campus and look up. The psychologist stood nearby and counted the number of people passing by who also looked up. Independent variable: Dependent variable: Experimental group: Control group: 3. To test a new voice feature in a cockpit design a flight simulator was used. The simulator was programmed to give visual readings of flight information, or to give visual and auditory (voice) readings of flight information. All test pilots were put through a simulated emergency landing procedure, but were

randomly assigned to the visual, or visual and auditory conditions. Flight experts rated each pilots performance in the simulator on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). Independent variable: Dependent variable: Experimental group: Control group: 1. A group of college students were given a short course in speed-reading. The instructor was curious if a monetary incentive would influence performance on a reading test taken at the end of the course. Half the students were offered $5 for obtaining a certain level of performance on the test, the other half were not offered money. Independent variable: Monetary incentive ($5 or no money) Dependent variable: Performance on reading test Experimental group: $5 group (receive monetary incentive) Control group: $0 group (no monetary incentive)

2. A social psychologist thinks that people are more likely to conform to a large crowd than to a single person. To test this hypothesis, the social psychologist had either one person or five persons stand on a busy walking path on campus and look up. The psychologist stood nearby and counted the number of people passing by who also looked up. Independent variable: Size of group (5 people or 1 person) Dependent variable: Conformity (measured by number of people looking up) Experimental group: People passing 5 person group Control group: People passing single person. (This group gets less of the independent variable) 3. To test a new voice feature in a cockpit design a flight simulator was used. The simulator was programmed to give visual readings of flight information, or to give visual and auditory (voice) readings of flight information. All test pilots were put through a simulated emergency landing procedure, but were randomly assigned to the visual, or visual and auditory conditions. Flight experts rated each pilots performance in the simulator on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). Independent variable: Presence or absence of auditory (voice) readings. (All pilots received visual readings, so that is a constant variable.) Dependent variable: Ratings of pilots performance Experimental group: Pilots in auditory readings condition (visual + auditory) Control group: Pilots in visual reading only condition (no auditory)