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HISTORY OF INSURANCE- GLOBAL VIEW History of insurance refers to the development of a modern business in insurance against risks, especially regarding ships, cargo, and buildings ("property" and "fire"), death ("life" insurance), automobile accidents ("auto"), and the cost of medical treatment (health insurance). The industry has been profitable and has provided attractive employment opportunities for white collar workers. It helps eliminate risks (as when fire insurance companies demand safe practices and the availability of fire stations and hydrants), spreads risks from the individual or single company to the larger community, and provides an important source of long-term finance for both the public and private sectors. In some sense we can say that insurance appears simultaneously with the appearance of human society.
We look back in history at who first felt the need for a guarantee against loss, and who gave them that guarantee. Way back in Babylonian times, around 2100 B.C., the Code of Hammurabi was the first basic insurance policy. This policy was paid by the traders in the form of a loan to guarantee the safe arrival of their goods by caravan. Of course, caravans faced the same kind of perils our transportation industry faces today like robbery, bad weather and breakdowns. As history progressed, the needs for insurance increased. The Phoenicians and the Greeks wanted the same type of insurance with their seaborne commerce. The Romans were the first to have burial insurance people joined burial clubs which paid funeral expenses to surviving family members. In medieval times, the guilds protected their members from loss by fire and shipwreck, paid ransoms to pirates, and provided respectable burials as well as support in times of sickness and poverty. Then came the very first actual insurance contract, signed in Genoa in 1347. Policies were signed by individuals, either alone or in a group. They each
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wrote their name and the amount of risk they were willing to assume under the insurance proposal. Thats where the term underwriter came from. Underwriters play a big part in the insurance industry. Theyre the ones who calculate the risk, based on statistics, and decide what the premiums will be. In 1693, the astronomer Edmond Halley created a basis for underwriting life insurance by developing the first mortality table. He combined the statistical laws of mortality and the principle of compound interest. However, this table used the same rate for all ages. In 1756, Joseph Dodson corrected this error and made it possible to scale the premium rate to age. By this time, the practice of insuring cargo while being shipped was widespread throughout the maritime nations of Europe. Then in London, in 1688, the first insurance company was formed. It got its start at Lloyds Coffee House, a place where merchants, ship-owners, and underwriters met to transact their business. Lloyds grew into one of the first modern insurance companies, Lloyds of London.

As commerce grew so did the need for insurance:

In the 17th and 18th centuries, British commerce was rapidly growing. As commerce grew, risks increased. In a way, progress was actually working against the insurance industry there were more and more ways of goods being damaged or lost, as goods were shipped greater distances and by more advanced methods. Therefore, there were higher payouts for claims. The members of stock companies saw an opportunity for a profitable business here. They were chartered in the insurance business in England in 1720, and in 1735. The first American insurance company was founded in the British colony of Charleston, SC. In 1787 and 1794 respectively, the first fire insurance companies were formed in New York City and Philadelphia. The first American insurance corporation was sponsored by a church the Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia for their ministers and their dependents. Then other needs for
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insurance were discovered and, in the 1830s, the practice of classifying risks was begun. Although there was religious prejudice against the practice of insurance by a church, after 1840 it declined and life insurance boomed.

Preparing for large losses:

So everybody was getting into the swing of insurance. People accepted the fact that they needed to pay premiums to protect themselves and their loved ones in case of loss, including major losses like fires. The insurance companies had a rude awakening to this fact in 1835 when the New York fire struck. The losses were unexpectedly high and they had no reserves prepared for such a situation. As a result of this, Massachusetts lead the states in 1837 by passing a law that required insurance companies to maintain such reserves. The great Chicago fire in 1871 reiterated the need for these reserves, especially in large dense cities.Insurance companies had to work together to find a solution to the challenge of large losses. So they got together and devised a system called reinsurance whereby losses were distributed among many companies. This system is now commonly used in all types of insurance.

Insurance really gets organized:

Now the insurance industry was growing to huge proportions. The companies, although competitors, worked together to create productive systems that could be used throughout the industry. They needed to keep up with the requirements of the increasing amount of laws governing insurance. For example, the Workmens Compensation Act of 1897 in Britain required employers to insure their employees against industrial mishaps. This also fostered what we know today as public liability insurance, which came strongly into play when the automobile arrived on the scene.In the 19th century, many societies were founded to insure the life and health of their members. Fraternal orders were created to provide low-cost insurance strictly for their members. Today, many of these fraternal orders and labor organizations still exist. Most employers offer group insurance policies for their
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employees, providing them with life insurance, sickness and accident benefits, and pensions. Now insurance was the accepted thing to do. Everybody needed to protect themselves against the many risks in life. Farmers wanted crop insurance. People wanted deposit insurance at their banks. Travelers wanted travel insurance. Everybody turned to insurance companies to give them peace of mind. And really, isnt that what insurance is the paying of a premium to protect against some form of loss.

2. HISTORY OF INSURANCE IN INDIA:

In India, insurance has a deep-rooted history. It finds mention in the writings of Manu ( Manusmrithi ), Yagnavalkya (Dharmasastra ) and Kautilya ( Arthasastra ). The writings talk in terms of pooling of resources that could be re-distributed in times of calamities such as fire, floods, epidemics and famine. This was probably a pre-cursor to modern day insurance. Ancient Indian history has preserved the earliest traces of insurance in the form of marine trade loans and carriers contracts. Insurance in India has evolved over time heavily drawing from other countries, England in particular. 1818 saw the advent of life insurance business in India with the establishment of the Oriental Life Insurance Company in Calcutta. This Company however failed in 1834. In 1829, the Madras Equitable had begun transacting life insurance business in the Madras Presidency. 1870 saw the enactment of the British Insurance Act and in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, the Bombay Mutual (1871), Oriental (1874) and Empire of India (1897) were started in the Bombay Residency. This era, however, was dominated by foreign insurance offices which did good business in India, namely Albert Life Assurance, Royal Insurance, Liverpool and
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London Globe Insurance and the Indian offices were up for hard competition from the foreign companies. In 1914, the Government of India started publishing returns of Insurance Companies in India. The Indian Life Assurance Companies Act, 1912 was the first statutory measure to regulate life business. In 1928, the Indian Insurance Companies Act was enacted to enable the Government to collect statistical information about both life and non-life business transacted in India by Indian and foreign insurers including provident insurance societies. In 1938, with a view to protecting the interest of the Insurance public, the earlier legislation was consolidated and amended by the Insurance Act, 1938 with comprehensive provisions for effective control over the activities of insurers. The Insurance Amendment Act of 1950 abolished Principal Agencies. However, there were a large number of insurance companies and the level of competition was high. There were also allegations of unfair trade practices. The Government of India, therefore, decided to nationalize insurance business. An Ordinance was issued on 19th January, 1956 nationalising the Life Insurance sector and Life Insurance Corporation came into existence in the same year. The LIC absorbed 154 Indian, 16 non-Indian insurers as also 75 provident societies245 Indian and foreign insurers in all. The LIC had monopoly till the late 90s when the Insurance sector was reopened to the private sector. The history of general insurance dates back to the Industrial Revolution in the west and the consequent growth of sea-faring trade and commerce in the 17th century. It came to India as a legacy of British occupation. General Insurance in India has its roots in the establishment of Triton Insurance Company Ltd., in the year 1850 in Calcutta by the British. In 1907, the Indian Mercantile Insurance Ltd, was set up. This was the first company to transact all classes of general insurance business. 1957 saw the formation of the General Insurance Council, a wing of the Insurance Association of India. The General Insurance Council
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framed a code of conduct for ensuring fair conduct and sound business practices. In 1968, the Insurance Act was amended to regulate investments and set minimum solvency margins. The Tariff Advisory Committee was also set up then. In 1972 with the passing of the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, general insurance business was nationalized with effect from 1st January, 1973. 107 insurers were amalgamated and grouped into four companies, namely National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company Ltd., the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd and the United India Insurance Company Ltd. The General Insurance Corporation of India was incorporated as a company in 1971 and it commence business on January 1st 1973. This millennium has seen insurance come a full circle in a journey extending to nearly 200 years. The process of re-opening of the sector had begun in the early 1990s and the last decade and more has seen it been opened up substantially. In 1993, the Government set up a committee under the chairmanship of RN Malhotra, former Governor of RBI, to propose recommendations for reforms in the insurance sector. The objective was to complement the reforms initiated in the financial sector. The committee submitted its report in 1994 wherein, among other things, it recommended that the private sector be permitted to enter the insurance industry. They stated that foreign companies be allowed to enter by floating Indian companies, preferably a joint venture with Indian partners. Following the recommendations of the Malhotra Committee report, in 1999, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) was constituted as an autonomous body to regulate and develop the insurance industry. The IRDA was incorporated as a statutory body in April, 2000. The key objectives of the IRDA include promotion of competition so as to enhance customer satisfaction through increased consumer choice and lower premiums, while ensuring the financial security of the insurance market. The IRDA opened up the market in August 2000 with the invitation for application for registrations. Foreign companies were allowed ownership of up to 26%. The Authority has the power to frame regulations under Section 114A of the Insurance Act, 1938 and has from 2000 onwards framed various regulations ranging from
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registration of companies for carrying on insurance business to protection of policyholders interests. In December, 2000, the subsidiaries of the General Insurance Corporation of India were restructured as independent companies and at the same time GIC was converted into a national re-insurer. Parliament passed a bill de-linking the four subsidiaries from GIC in July, 2002. Today there are 24 general insurance companies including the ECGC and Agriculture Insurance Corporation of India and 23 life insurance companies operating in the country. The insurance sector is a colossal one and is growing at a speedy rate of 15-20%. Together with banking services, insurance services add about 7% to the countrys GDP. A well-developed and evolved insurance sector is a boon for economic development as it provides long- term funds for infrastructure development at the same time strengthening the risk taking ability of the country.

3.INSURANCE COMPANIES AS BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMY:
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As well as stabilizing the financials of individuals, companies and the state. In their role as institutional investors, insurance companies contribute to the development of a well-functioning capital market thanks to the huge amount of assets they have to invest. Insurance companies receive premiums and set them aside as provisions for the payment of future claims. They proceed to invest them in the capital market, which gives them the status of major investors. From a macro-economic point of view, the insurance market could help to mobilize national savings and narrow the investment gap of emerging economies. Insurance companies as important long-term institutional investors therefore function as financial intermediaries contribute to bringing together savers and borrowers. Life insurance, in particular, can make savings available although life insurers are themselves dependent on a functioning capital market if they are to play their role in the area of risk transfer. Insurance is a barometer of economic activity in a country. If the economy of any country grows the insurance industry of that country also grows in the same proportion. In the same manner if the insurance industry of any country grows the economy of that country also grows. So economy and insurance are interdependent upon each other. Financial intermediaries are firms that pool the savings or investments of many people and lend or invest the money to other companies or people to earn a return. Financial intermediaries include banks, investment companies, insurance companies, and pension funds. Banks lend the money of depositors to businesses and others, and pay depositors interest or provide them with valuable services, such as checking and electronic funds transfers. Investment companies allow small retail investors to pool their money together to reduce the diversifiable risks of investments and to profit from the expertise of professional money managers. Insurance companies pool the premiums of the insured to pay for the
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losses of a few of the insured, thereby preventing a financial catastrophe for the sufferers. Pension funds pool the contributions of workers to invest for greater returns, so that a pension income can be provided to the workers after they retire. The assets and liabilities of financial intermediaries are primarily financial instruments. Loans, stocks, bonds, and other investments are their assets while the deposits and payment obligations, such as the insurance company's obligation to pay for a loss or the pension funds obligation to pay retirees an income, are their liabilities. Financial intermediaries make a profit from the difference from what they earn on their assets and what they pay in liabilities. So why don't people loan their money directly and earn all of the interest instead of getting only a portion? Or why doesn't a business simply sell stock or bonds directly to the public to save on the investment banking fee or on interest rates that would probably be less than what a bank would charge? One reason is because financial intermediaries provide valuable services that cannot be obtained by direct lending or investing. Banks, for instance, offer depositors safety for their funds. They have vaults for the safekeeping of cash and other valuables and deposits are insured by the government. Banks also provide payment services that reduce the hassle of paying bills and also provide a record of those payments. Insurance companies provide financial protection in case of a loss, even if that loss is much greater than the premiums paid by the insured. Another major reason for using financial intermediaries is because they reduce the risk of information asymmetry, where the receiver of the funds knows more about their financial condition and their intentions than do the giver of those funds. Financial intermediaries have expertise in assessing the risk of the applicant for funds that reduces adverse selection and moral hazard. They have easy access to various databases that
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provide information on both individuals and businesses, and they have expertise in doing their own research and monitoring.

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