Bio Study Guide:

1 essay pig v shark

Pig
Bone skeleton Small liver(lobes: R/L medial, R/L lateral, caudate lobe) 4 chambered heart Depends on kidney for excreting nitrogenous wastes Thicker skin Diaphragm No egg Nutrition comes from mothers circulation through umbilical cord Many different muscles all over body Penis/vagina

Shark
Cartilage skeleton 1 big liver Larger blood cells to carry oxygen 2 chambered heart Less defined gall bladder Spleen-larger more pronounced Can rely on gills/ skin instead of kidney Baby shark: retained in egg in ovary Nutrition from yolk Ovaries larger Thinner skin Muscle-similar patter Flaciform ligament Pelvic fin, clasper=male Spiracles: dont have to keep moving

6 about hormones but I heard you only need to know 3 cause you do 2 essays per hormone

1 Essay about plants.

Heres the info I used for my book so hopefully it helps a little

Bryophytes: Nonvascular plants Lowest in plant evolution: no xylem tissue stems or leaves Three main phyla o Bryophyte (mosses) o Marchantiophyta (liverworts) o Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) Attached to ground rock or bark by rhizoids threads Reproduce asexually Absorb mineral nourishment from rainfall running over it Life cycles characterized by alternation of generations: o Sporophyte: diploid with two of each type of chromosome per cell o Gametophyte: haploid with one of each type of chromosome per cell

Pterophytes: Seedless, vascular plants Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns They are developed: o Branched sporophytes-not dependent of gametophytes o Xylem tissue: transport water o Phloem tissue: distribute sugar o Roots: absorb water and nutrients o Leaves: increase surface area for photosynthesis Reproduction: homosporous o Sporphylls bear sporangia o Each plant has 1 type of sporangium that makes 1 type of spore

Gymnosperms: Vascular plants with naked seeds o Seeds have no coverings o Seeds are on cones Pines cedars spruces firs Do not usually flower/ produce fruit Pine cone= females Microspores cone = males

Reproduction: Heterosporous Microspores and megaspore are produced in cones Haploid develops in the spore wall Pollen cells mature into microspores sperm Megaspores mature into ovuleegg Sperm is transferred by wind/ insects

Angiosperms: Vascular, seed, flowering plants o Have coating over seed o Endosperm within seed o Produce fruit Most evolved plant Parts of the flower: o Petal: attracts insect for germination purpose o Stamen: male reproduction o Anther: makes pollen o Ovary: female reproduction o Pistol: tube-pollen travels to the ovary o Stigma: traps pollen at top of pistol o Sepal: protection for the flower bud Pollination by wind, bees, birds, bats

2 types:

1. Monocots: o Seeds in one piece (corn) cotyledon o Flower petals-multiples of 3 o Pollen grain with one opening o Veins-branch up and down parallel o Stem vascular bundles are scattered o Only small branching roots o Corn, blade of grass, tulip, lily 2. Dicots: Seeds easily split (peas) two cotyledon Flower petals multiples 4 or 5 Veins branch from one central midrib (netlike) Stem vascular bundle in a ring Pollen grain with 3 openings Main root (Taproot) with various small roots branching Bean, peanut, snapdragon, citrus